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CHAPTER 8

TRANSPORT

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8.1 ANIMAL

8.1.1 Cardiac Cycle

8.1.2 Control of heart eat8.1.! Cardio"a#c$lar di#ea#e

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& The heart #o$nd hear for% #tetho#co'e(((

ca$#ed(((clo#in) of "al"e#

&So$nd 'attern* l$(d$+ l$(d$'+ l$'(d$'& 1#t#o$nd, l$(((recoil of lood a)ain#t the

closed AV valves

& 2nd

#o$nd, d$(((recoil of lood a)ain#tsemilunar valves

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8.1.1 Cardiac cycle

Introd$ction*

& Heart contract and rela-e# in a rhyth%ic

cycle* Contract* ((('$%' lood

Rela-e#* (((heart cha%er fill /ith lood

& Cardiac cycle one co%'lete#e0$ence of '$%'in) and fillin),,,the

alternatin) contraction and rela-ation of

heart

refer

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& Cardiac cycle+ t/o 'ha#e

1. Sy#tole

2. ia#tole

& Sy#tole, contraction 'ha#e

& ia#tole , rela-ation 'ha#e

& Ad$lt h$%an+ heart eat#, 34 56 eat#

'er %in$te& One co%'lete cardiac cycle, 7.8 #econd#

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& Cardiac cycle* ! #ta)e#

1 Atrial #y#tole 9contraction of atria, 7:1

#econd2 ;entric$lar #y#tole 9contraction of

"entricle#, 7.! #econd#

! ia#tole 9rela-ation of atria

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Sta)e 1

& $rin)

rela-ation9atrial and

"entricle dia#tole*

lood ret$rnin) fro%the lar)e "ein#(((flo/

into atria and

"entricle#

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Sta)e 2

& Atrial #y#tole,7.1#ec*

& All re%ainin) lood

force# o$t fro% atria

"entricle#

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Sta)e !

& ;entric$lar #y#tole

'$%'# lood

Lar)e arterie#

into

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ATRIAL S>STOLE

& ?orce# all re%ainin) lood

o$t of atria into "entricle#

Proce##*

& SAnode #ti%$lated(((/a"e

#'read to oth atria

& Atria contract

& O'enin) of atria("entric$lar

"al"e# ca$#e y 're##$re

of lood

& @lood flo/ into "entricle#

9'$l%onary< aortic

#e%il$nar "al"e #till clo#e

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;entric$lar #y#tole

& Atria rela-

& A;node #ent electrical

i%'$l#e(((P$rinBe fier#((("entricle %$#cle,contraction of "entricle

lood force to

'$l%onary arterie# andaorta

& "entricle+ lood 're##$rethere (((ic$#'id andtric$#'id "al"e clo#e,,

'rod$ce fir#t #o$nd l$D

Th$# %ade

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IASTOLE

;entricle rela-*

& @lood 're##$re in "entricle

lo/er than '$l%onary andarterie#

& Se%il$nar "al"e# clo#e, 2nd#o$nd d$'D

hen "entricle and atria rela-+& @lood flo/ into heart "ia*

;ena ca"aeFdeo-y)enatedlood

P$l%onary "ein#Fo-y)enated

lood

& Cardiac cycle re'eated

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hich of the follo/in) A@C re're#ent 'ha#e

of cardiac cycle #e0$enceG

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An#* 1* C+ 2*@+ !*A

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8.1.2 Control of heart eat

&Ti%e to deli"er O2i# i%'ortant.

Min$te# delay+ rain cell# die /itho$tO2.

&Se"eral %echani#% e"ol"e to controlheart eat

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Introd$ction

& Cardiac %$#cle cell#Fcontract /itho$t

#i)nal fro% ner"o$# #y#te%, %yo)enic

& Rea#on* d$e to #'eciali#e re)ion on

heart(((sinoatrial (SA)node or

pacemaker

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SA node& ?-* Set the rate and ti%in) for heart

%$#cle to contract& Str$ct$re*

S'eciali#ed %$#cle ti##$e

Located* /all of ri)ht atri$% 9near 'oint /here#$'erior "ena ca"e enter heart#

& Jenerate electrical i%'$l#e*ho/GG

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SA node& ?-* Set the rate and ti%in) for heart

%$#cle to contract& Str$ct$re*

S'eciali#ed %$#cle ti##$e

Located* /all of ri)ht atri$% 9near 'oint /here#$'erior "ena ca"e enter heart#

& Jenerate electrical i%'$l#e*ho/GG

SA node cell %e%rane((('er%eale to NaK

NaKenter cell(((cell %e%rane de'olari#e

9action 'otential 'rod$ce(((aa i%'$l#e

(((lead 'rod$ction of electrical i%'$l#e

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control of heart rhyth%

& SA node )enerate electrical impulse

& I%'$l#e spreadto /all# of atria

& Si)nal:i%'$l#e 'a## to atrioventricular

(AV) node:A; nodeFlocated* /all t/n ri)ht atri$% and

ri)ht "entricle

& A; node((de'olari#e

%ade

@oth atria contract

#i%$ltaneo$#ly

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control of heart rhyth%

& At A; node+ i%'$l#e delay 934 7.1 #econd

9@= #'read to /all of "entricle

7.1 #ec* cardiac cycle, atrial #y#tole force all

re%ainin) lood into the "entricle

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control of heart rhyth%

& Ne-t+ #'ecialie ti##$e, Purkinje fibers

cond$ct #i)nal9A; node

& Made oth "entricle contact*lood9"entricle force o$t to '$l%onary

artery and aorta

Heart a'e-

and

Thro$)ho$t "entric$lar /all#

to

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Sho/ the #'read of i%'$l#e

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Sho/ the contraction of atria and

"entricle in re#'on#e of i%'$l#e

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PRST, electrocardio)ra%

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& e#crie ao$t the P+ RS and T /a"e of

the electrocardio)ra%

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& P, de'olari#ation of atria

& @t/n P9li)ht 'in color, 7.1 #ec* ti%e

taen for #'readin) i%'$l#e fro% atria toA; node

& RS co%'le-, de'olari#ation of

"entricle((((contin$e /ith "entriclecontraction

& T* "entricle #lo/ly re'olari#e

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Intro*

& ;erterate ner"o$# #y#te%

& PNS*1. So%atic ner"o$# #y#te%*

& re#'on# to e-ternal #ti%$li fro% #eletal %$#cle

"ol$ntary

2. A$tono%ic ner"o$# #y#te%*& re)$late internal en"iron%ent9e)* control cardiac

%$#cle+ endocrine #y#te% etc in"ol$ntary

CNS

PNS

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& ! di"i#ion* 'ara#y%'athetic+ #y%'athetic

and enteric((((%ade $' a$tono%ic

ner"o$# #y#te%

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THS in E-trin#ic factor %odifyin)

the heart rate

& Sympathetic nerve* relea#e noradrenaline

to heart

& parasympathetic nerve* relea#e

acetycholine to heart

Increa#e heart rate and #troe "ol$%e

&Slo/ do/n heart rate&Lo/er #tren)th of contraction

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Other e-trin#ic factor %odifyin) the

heart rate

& Hor%one #ecreted in lood*

E'ine'hrine hor%one 9fi)ht(or(fli)ht y

adrenal )land#((((increa#e heart rate

& @ody te%'erat$re*

An increa#e of 1QC, rai#e heart rate ao$t 17

heart 'er %in$te

?e"er( yo$r '$l#e increa#e

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8.1.! Cardio"a#c$lar di#ea#e

Introd$ction

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Introd$ction

& Cardio"a#c$lar di#ea#e((( di#ea#e of heart

and lood "e##el

E"ent$ally(((lead to heart attac

9myocardial infarction or #troe

& Heart attacFdeath of cardiac %$#cle

ti##$e

& Stroe(((death of ner"o$# ti##$e in rain

@loca)e of coronary arterie#9 dat #$''ly O2REASON

R$'t$re or loca)e of arterie# in head

REASON

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Cardio"a#c$lar di#ea#e*

& Arterio#chlero#i#

& Hy'erten#ion

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Arterio#chlero#i#

Ho/ it de"elo'GG

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Arterio#chlero#i#

Ho/ it de"elo'GG

& $e to )ro/th# of plagueon inner /all# of

arterie#

& Pla0$eGG

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Arterio#chlero#i#

Ho/ it de"elo'GG $e to )ro/th# of plagueon inner /all# of

arterie#

& Pla0$eGG ?or% at artery #ite /here* #%ooth %$#cle

layer thicen# anor%arlly((((then infiltrated/ith firo$# connecti"e ti##$e and chole#terol

& Pla)$e of arterio#chlero#i#* hardenedycalcium deposit

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Arterio#chlero#i#& Pla0$e de'o#it at inner /all((((((narro/

the arterie#& Then Embolus/ill tra''ed in that narro/

arterie#

& A# atherio#clero#i# 'ro)re##+ arteryeco%e %ore clo))edFthreat to heartattac:#troe

& Earlier /arnin)(((coronary artery loc*'er#on feel che#t 'ain9aa an)ina'ectori#*

& Indicate #o%e 'art of heart recei"e eno$)h O2

thi#

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E%oli#%*e%ol$# tra''ed

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Hy'erten#ion

& hatGG

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Hy'erten#ion

& Aa hi)h lood 're##$re

& Pro%ote Arterio#chlero#i#

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