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THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT
SYSTEMSFOURTH EDITION
Copyright © 1998-2016, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 [email protected] may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or redistribution permitted.For more information: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans
Chapter 8 – Transport, Energy and EnvironmentCONCEPTS
Usage Conditions
• DO NOT COPY, TRANSLATE OR REDISTRIBUTE THIS DOCUMENT.
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• If you have accessed this document through a third party (such as a content farm), keep in mind that this party is illegally redistributing this content. Please refer to the true source (http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans) instead of the third party.
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• Information cited from this document should be referred as: Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2013) The Geography of Transport Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography, http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans.
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT SYSTEMSFOURTH EDITION
Concept 1
Environmental Impacts of Transportation
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Paradox of Mobility and its Costs
MobilityGrowing Demand
Motorization
Energy (Petroleum)
CostsInternal Costs
(Users)External Costs
(Society)Environmental
ImpactsCopyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Paradox
Environmental Costs Hierarchy
Cost Type ImplicationsInternal Material, labor, other expenses, and revenues that are
commonly allocated to a product or process.Can easily be quantified (internalized).
Compliance Expenses incurred by and benefits to the firm that are not related to products or processes.Mostly concern compliance to regulations.
Contingent Potential liability or benefit that depends on the occurrence of a future event.Assessed as a risk.
Image / Relationship
Costs/benefits related to the subjective perceptions of a firm’s stakeholders.
External Costs/benefits of a company’s impacts upon the environment and society that do not directly accrue to the business.Difficult to quantify (externalized).
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Environmental System
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Ecosphere
Biosphere
The Environmental Impacts of Transportation
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
4. ECOSPHERE
4.1 AQUATIC ECOSPHEREAlteration of ecosystems in unforeseeable ways.Disappearance of vulnerable species and proliferation of tolerant ones.Reduction of bacterial treatment of organic matter by nitrification.Reduction of available nutrients to aquatic species.Reproductive impediments.4.2 LAND ECOSPHEREDamages over the vegetation modifying:
hydric cycles.the level of underground water resources.soil erosion.air purification capacity of the ecosphere.food sources (agriculture).entertainment and tourism.
Reduction of the vital space.Reduction of the genetic potential of species.Reduction of the food supply and alteration of the food chain.Consumption of resources.4.3 HUMAN ECOSPHEREOdors.Noise.Cardiovascular and respiratory problems.Susceptibility to infection.Drops in life expectancy.Injuries, incapacity, hospitalization, death.Damage to structures:
loss of useful life. (amortization)loss of property values.corrosion of metal structures (bronze, steel, etc.).destruction of historical and cultural monuments.
1. ATMOSPHERELarge scale diffusion of pollutants.High growth on a short term basis of the concentration of pollutants because of local conditions (e.g. smog).Photochemical reactions caused by ultraviolet rays, notably over ozone, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.Climatic changes (global warming).Acid rain.Synergetic effects when pollutants are combined (e.g. smog and greenhouse gases).
2. HYDROSPHEREDiffusion of pollutants in a dissolved or colloidal state.Acidification and loss of neutralizing potential of ground and underground water.Drops of pH following snow melting (aquatic organism are particularly vulnerable).Growth in the solubility of several metals because of acidification.Additions of organic compounds, aluminum, manganese, calcium, magnesium and potassium by runoffs.Contamination of ground and underground water by nitrates.
3. LITHOSPHEREAcid depositions.Liberation of toxic metallic ions (aluminum, cadmium, etc.) through acidification.Loss of nutrients, notably calcium and magnesium.Inhibition of the miniralization of nitrogen.Modifications in the compositions and the depth of decomposition gradient.Inhibition of decomposition.Loss of the soil flora and fauna.Fixation by plants of heavy metals (e.g. lead) and contamination.Removal and consumption of land.Extraction of raw materials like mineral products and energy.
Estimated Automobile Costs, 2005
32%
24%
44%External costInternal fixed costsInternal variable costs
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Environmental Dimensions of Transportation
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Causes Activities Outputs End Results
Land Use
Economics
OtherInfrastructure
construction
and maintenanc
e
Vehicle and parts
manufacture
Travel
Vehiclemaintenanc
e andsupport
Disposal ofvehicles
and parts
Habitat changes
Emissions
Ambient levels
Exposure
Social or
ecological
effects
Health, environmental
or welfare effects
Transportation Activities Affecting the Environment
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Activity Mode Traffic
Infrastructure
Vehicle manufacture
Vehicle operation
Vehicle maintenance
Vehicle disposal / recycling
Road
Rail
Maritime
Air
Passengers
FreightPo
rtAi
rpor
tSt
atio
n /
yard
Transportation Systems and the Environment
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Localized emissionsEnergy efficient
Diffused emissionsHigh energy use
Point source of emissionsLevel of emissionsLevel of energy consumption
Nature of emissionsNature of energy consumption
Diffused NetworkCentralized Network
Traffic
Mode
Spatial and Durational Environmental Effects
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Space
Duration
Noise
LeadParticulates
NOX
CO2
Local Regional Global
World CO2 Emission by Economic Sector, 2011
42%
21%
22%
6%
9%
Electricity and heat productionManufacturing and ConstructionTransportResidentalOther
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Major Oil Spills Since 1967
Ship name Year Location Spill Size (tons)Atlantic Empress 1979 Off Tobago, West Indies 287,000ABT Summer 1991 700 nautical miles off Angola 260,000Castillo de Bellver 1983 Off Saldanha Bay, South Africa 252,000Amoco Cadiz 1978 Off Brittany, France 223,000Haven 1991 Genoa, Italy 144,000Odyssey 1988 700 nautical miles off Nova Scotia, Canada 132,000Torrey Canyon 1967 Scilly Isles, UK 119,000Sea Star 1972 Gulf of Oman 115,000Irenes Serenade 1980 Navarino Bay, Greece 100,000Urquiola 1976 La Coruna, Spain 100,000Hawaiian Patriot 1977 300 nautical miles off Honolulu 95,000Independenta 1979 Bosporus, Turkey 95,000Jakob Maersk 1975 Oporto, Portugal 88,000Braer 1993 Shetland Islands, UK 85,000
Khark 5 1989120 nautical miles off Atlantic coast of Morocco 80,000
Aegean Sea 1992 La Coruna, Spain 74,000Sea Empress 1996 Milford Haven, UK 72,000Katina P 1992 Off Maputo, Mozambique 72,000Nova 1985 Off Kharg Island, Gulf of Iran 70,000Prestige 2002 Off Galicia, Spain 63,000Exxon Valdez 1989 Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA 37,000
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Carbon Cycle
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Concept of Externalities
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Level of intervention
Optimal cost
Intervention costs
Total costs
Externalities
LL(O)0 L1
C(L1)
C(O)
C(E)
E(L1)
ΔE(L1)
ΔC(L1)
Emissions from Freight Modes (gram / ton-km)
Road
Rail
Short sea shipping
Ocean shipping
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CO2SO2NOxPM
Other Emissions (g/ton-km)
Carbon Dioxide (g/ton-km)
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Estimated Air Pollutants Emitted by Highway Transportation in the United States, 1970-2014
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
Particulate (PM-10)VOCNOxCO
Thou
sand
tons
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Distance Driven and Carbon Emissions, U.S. Automobile Fleet, 1970-2000
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Carbon Emissions Distance Driven
Milli
on m
etric
tons
Trilli
on K
M
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Noise Levels (in decibels)
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
120
100
0
20304050
607080
90
110
Desert10Broadcasting studio
Quiet room
Light traffic
Busy street through open windowsNoise level near a motorway
Busy crossroads
Lorry, motorcycle, underground trainPneumatic drill at 1 meter
Aircraft at take offdB (A)
Earing threshold
Hazmat Accidents in the United States, 1975-2005
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Total Accidents Property Damage (1,000s of $)Polynomial (Property Damage (1,000s of $))
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT SYSTEMSFOURTH EDITION
Concept 2
Transportation and Energy
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Sources of Energy
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Chemical• Fossil fuels
(Combustion)Nuclear• Uranium (Fission of
atoms)Energy
Non-Renewable
Renewable
Chemical• Muscular
(Oxidization)Nuclear• Geothermal
(Conversion)• Fusion (Fusion of
hydrogen)Gravity• Tidal, hydraulic
(Kinetic)Indirect Solar• Biomass
(Photosynthesis)• Wind (Air pressure
differences)Direct Solar• Photovoltaic cell
(Conversion)• Solar thermal
(Conversion)
Chemical Energy Content of some Fuels (in MJ/kg)
HydrogenMethane
LNGPropane
Natural GasKerosene
Gasoline (Automobile)
DieselJet A-1
Crude OilBunker C
Coal (An-
thracite)
Methanol
Coal (Bitu-minous)
EthanolWood
Lithium Battery
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100142.055.555.050.347.246.345.845.343.341.940.031.431.123.919.917.10.5
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Fuels Production Processes
Fuel Sources ProcessLiquid petroleum fuels (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel, bunker fuel)
Conventional oil fields (ground and shore-based). Non-conventional sources (tar sands)
Refining
Liquid synthetic fuels Natural gas, coal GasificationBiodiesel Oil seed crops Esterification,
hydrogenationEthanol Grain crops Saccharification and
distillationSugar crops (cane) Distillation
Advanced biodiesel Biomass from crops or waste products
Gasification
Compressed natural gas (CNG)
Natural gas Gasification
Electricity Coal, gas, petroleum, nuclear, renewables (hydro, wind)
Electric generator (source dependent)
Hydrogen Natural gas Reforming, compressionElectricity ElectrolysisDirect production using other sources
High temperature process
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Energy Sources Used for Transportation
• Muscular• Wind• Gravity• Fossil fuels• Electricity• Biofuels
• Engine• ICE• Steam engine / turbine• Electric motor• Fuel cells
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Alternative Sources of Energy for Transportation
Source Advantages DrawbacksBiodiesel Renewable; biodegradable;
domestically produced; improvedlubricity in engine; reduced airpollutant emissions.
May congeal at low temperatures; may damage engine components; lower fuel economy; non- renewable fuels are used in production; limited availability; may increase nitrous oxide emissions.
Ethanol Renewable; domestically produced; may reduce harmful air pollutants.
Non-renewable fossil fuels are used in its production; slightly decreases fuel economy.
Natural gas / propane
Reduced air pollutant emissions.
Non-renewable fossil fuel; reduced driving range; limited availability; larger fuel tanks.
Electricity Zero tailpipe emissions; widely available.
High vehicle and battery costs; limited range and performance; electricity production mainly from non-renewable sources.
Hybrid electric
Increased fuel economy and reduced pollution; good range and performance
Primarily fueled with non-renewable fossil fuels.
Synthetic fuels
Abundant supply exists. Significant environmental damages from extraction and processing; high carbon emissions; high production costs.
Hydrogen Zero tailpipe emissions. Potential use of fossil fuels to produce; high cost of vehicle.
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Annual Energy Consumption in England and Wales, 1560s to 1850s (MJ)
1561-70 1600-9 1650-9 1700-9 1750-9 1800-9 1850-90%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
CoalWaterWindFirewoodDraught animalsHuman
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Power Generated by Steam Machines, Europe, 1840-1888
1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 18880
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Rest of EuropeRussiaAustriaGermanyFranceGreat Britain
Thou
sand
s of
hor
se p
ower
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Evolution of Energy Sources
15th Century
Mid 19th Cen-tury
Early 20th Cen-tury
Late 20th Cen-tury
Mid 21st Cen-tury
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
AnimalBiomassCoalOilNatural GasNuclearHydrogen
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type by Transport Sector (in Exajoules)
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
9
23
48
102
0.74
32
39
20
0.71
40
53
30
63
Electricity (0.8%)
Heavy Oil, Biofuels,Kerosene (21.8%)
Gasoline (42.5%)
Diesel (34.5%)
Gaseous (0.8%)
Rail (2.1%)
Water (9.8%)
Heavy Road (25%)
Light Road (52.2%)
Air (10.9%)
Freight (43%)
Passenger (57%)
Mechanical Energy (32%)
Losses (68%)
Primary Energy Production by Source, United States, 1750-2013
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 20000
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
CoalBiomassPetro-leumNatural Gas
Billio
n BT
U
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World Energy Production (in Million tons oil equivalent), 2011
33.1%
23.7%
30.3%
6.4%
4.9% 1.6%
OilNatural GasCoalHydroelectricNuclearRenewables
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World Oil Expenditures as % of GPD, 1972-2008
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Global Energy Systems Transition, (% of market)
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
20001850 21502050 210019501900
100
80
60
40
20
0
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Wood Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Hydrogen
World Energy Consumption, 1965-2015 (Million tons oil equivalent)
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
RenewablesHydroNuclearCoalGasOil
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World Marketed Energy Consumption by Region, 1980-2030
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2004 2010 2015 2020 2025 20300
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
OECD Non-OECD
Quad
rillio
n Bt
u
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Energy Efficiency by Transportation Mode
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
.1
1
10
.01
.002 10 30 100 300 1000Speed (m/sec)
Tanker
Oil
Pipe
line
TruckCargo plane
Bicy
cle
Bus
Train
Car
Helicopter
Propellerplane
Jetplane
Supersonicplane
Train
FreightPassengers
Worst
perfo
rman
ce
Best p
erfor
mance
Ener
gy c
osts
Container ship
Gaspipeline
Fuel Consumption for an Average Cargo Ship
1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 20000
50
100
150
200
250
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
Fuel per 1,000 ton-miles (lbs)
Poun
ds o
f Fue
l
Dead
wei
ght T
ons
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Energy Used by the Road Transportation System
66%4%1%
7%
5%
17%
Vehicle operationVehicle maintenanceVehicle manufactureInfrastructure pro-visionRaw material manufac-tureEnergy generation
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Factors of Energy Use by Transportation
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Vehicle
Infrastructure
Demand
Spatial Structure
Vehicle efficiencyEngine and fuel type
CapacityLevel of service
Level of economic activityPrice of fuel
Distribution of activities
Energy Use
Distance Travelled for One Ton of Cargo Using 1 kWh of Energy
Boeing 747-400
Heavy Truck
Rail (Diesel)
Rail (Electric)
Sovereing Class Con-tainership (8,000
TEU)
Post- Sovereign Class Containership
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80KM
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Energy Efficiency of Main Passenger Transportation Modes
Passenger Travel by FuelRate of fuel use
MJ / passenger-kmPersonal vehicle (ICE) Gasoline 2.6Local bus (ICE) Diesel 2.8Electric bus, light rail,
subway Electricity 0.6Intercity bus (ICE) Diesel 0.7Intercity rail (diesel -
electric) Diesel 0.9Intercity rail (electric) Electricity 0.2High-speed rail (electric) Electricity 0.3Aircraft (domestic) Kerosene 2.0
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transportation Fuel Markets
Marine Aviation RoadType of fuel Low quality
(bunker oil)High quality (jet fuel)
Medium quality (diesel, gasoline)
Market size (year)
150 M metric tons
190 M metric tons
650 M metric tons
Percentage of operating costs
40% 25% 18-20%
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Typical Energy Use for a Car
12%
33%
29%
13%
6%8%
MomentumExhaustCylinder coolingEngine frictionTransmission and axlesBraking
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Typical Energy Use for a Car
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Idle LossesDrivetrain LossesParasitic LossesPower to Wheels
BrakingRolling resistanceWind ResistanceEngine FrictionPumpingCombustionThermal Losses (radiator)
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Engine and Power to Wheels LossesEnergy Use and Losses
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World Oil Energy Consumption by Sector, 1973-2013
1973
2004
2013
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
19.9
9.9
8.4
45.4
57.7
63.8
11.5
16.8
16.2
23.2
15.6
11.6
IndustryTransportNon-energyOther sectors
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector in the United States, 1960-2014 (in Quadrillion BTUs)
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20140
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Transportation IndustrialResidential and commercial Electric utilities
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Energy Consumption by Transportation Mode in the United States, 1960-2010 (in Trillion BTUs)
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
PipelineWaterRailRoadAir
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Energy Consumption by Road Transportation in the United States, 1970-2012 (in Trillion BTUs)
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20120
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
BusCombination TruckSingle-Unit 2-Axle 6-Tire or More TruckLight Duty Vehicle, Long Wheel BaseLight Duty Vehicle, Short Wheel Base and Motorcycle
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Energy Intensities of Passenger Modes, 1980-2000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
AutomobilesTransit busesIntercity busesCertified air carriers Intercity AmtrakRail transitBt
u pe
r pas
seng
er-m
ile
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970-2007
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
Trucks (Btu per ve-hicle-mile)
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Fuel Consumption and Travel by Certificated Air Carriers in the United States, 1960-2000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20000
400
800
1,200
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Average Miles Flown Per Aircraft (thousands)Miles per gallon for domestic operationsMiles per gallon for international operations
Mile
s flo
wn
Mile
s pe
r gal
lon
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
1
1
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Average Miles per Gallon Traveled by Road Vehicle in the United States, 1980-2000
Passenger cars
Buses
Light trucks
Heavy trucks
Average
0 5 10 15 20 25 302000 1990 1980
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Average Gasoline Consumption for New Vehicles, United States, 1972-2014 (in miles per gallon)
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
Cars Light Trucks AverageCopyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Change in Average Vehicle Characteristics, 1981-2003 (in %)
Fuel Economy
Weight
Horsepower
Acceleration
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Total Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel in the United States, 1960-2007
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 201010
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
Average Miles Traveled per GallonAverage Fuel Consumed per Vehicle (Gallons)
Aver
age
Mile
sTra
vele
d pe
r Gal
lon
Aver
age
Fuel
Con
sum
ed p
er V
ehicl
e (G
allo
ns)
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Components of Retail Costs of Gasoline, United States, 1999-2005
1999
2005
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
37
53
36
19
13
19
14
9
Crude oilFederal & State taxesRefining costsDistribution, retail & market-ing costs
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Automobile Emission Factors
5 10 20 30 35 45 55 60 70 80 85 95 1001
10
100
1000
0
5
10
15
20HCCONOx
Speed (in km/hr)
Emiss
ions
(gra
ms)
% o
f Veh
icle-
km
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Retail Motor Gasoline Prices, Selected Countries, 1990-2009
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
CanadaChinaGermanyJapanUnited StatesFranceItalyUnited KingdomNo
min
al d
olla
rs p
er g
allo
n
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Retail Motor Gasoline Prices (cents per liter), Selected Countries, 2004-2010
Venezuela
Saudi Arabia
United States
Mexico
Argentina
India
Australia
South Korea
Poland
Japan
Italy
United Kingdom
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
2004 2011Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Annual Vehicle-Miles Traveled in the United States, Year-over-Year Changes, 1971-2013
Jan-
71Ja
n-72
Jan-
73Ja
n-74
Jan-
75Ja
n-76
Jan-
77Ja
n-78
Jan-
79Ja
n-80
Jan-
81Ja
n-82
Jan-
83Ja
n-84
Jan-
85Ja
n-86
Jan-
87Ja
n-88
Jan-
89Ja
n-90
Jan-
91Ja
n-92
Jan-
93Ja
n-94
Jan-
95Ja
n-96
Jan-
97Ja
n-98
Jan-
99Ja
n-00
Jan-
01Ja
n-02
Jan-
03Ja
n-04
Jan-
05Ja
n-06
Jan-
07Ja
n-08
Jan-
09Ja
n-10
Jan-
11Ja
n-12
Jan-
13
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
$140
-4.0%
-2.0%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%West Texas Intermediate, Monthly Nominal Spot Oil Price
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Automobile Fuel Consumption and Fuel Efficiency
0 10 20 30 40 50 600
2
4
6
8
10
12
Miles per Gallon
Gallo
ns C
onsu
med
per
100
Mile
s Dr
iven
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Gasoline Price and Fuel Consumption, Western Industrial Countries, 1994
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Liters per person
Dolla
rs p
er li
ter
United States
Portugal
Canada
AustraliaJapan
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Gas Consumption Tax in the United States, 1999 (in $ per mile per gallon per vehicle)
More than 22.5
Between 22.5 and 21.5
Between 21.5 and 20.5
Between 20.5 and 19.5
Between 19.5 and 18.5
Between 18.5 and 17.5
Between 17.5 and 16.5
Between 16.5 and 15.5
Between 15.5 and 14.5
Between 15.5 and 13.5
Between 13.5 and 12.5
Less than 12.5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Bunker Fuel Spot Prices, Singapore FOB
2005
Q3
2006
Q1
2006
Q3
2007
Q1
2007
Q3
2008
Q1
2008
Q3
2009
Q1
2009
Q3
2010
Q1
2010
Q3
2011
Q1
2011
Q3
2012
Q1
2012
Q3
2013
Q1
2013
Q3
2014
Q10
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Bunker fuel IFO380 Bunker fuel IFO180 Marine Diesel Oil MDO
USD
per T
on
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Fuel Consumption by Ship Category, 2007
12%
15%
19%
13%
25%
5%
11%
Crude Oil TankersTankersBulk CarriersGeneral CargoContainerVehicle/RoRoPassenger
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Fuel Consumption by Containership Size and Speed
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 250
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
4,000-5,0005,000-6,0007,000-8,0008,000-9,0009,000-10,00010,000+
Speed (Knots)
Fuel
Con
sum
ptio
n (T
ons
per d
ay)
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Ship Size (TEU)
Normal
Speed
Slow Steam
ing
Extra Slow
Steaming
Fuel Consumption at 20 knots in Tons per TEU per Day by Containership Size
2,000 - 3,000
3,000 - 4,000
4,000 - 5,000
5,000 - 6,000
6,000 - 7,000
7,000 - 8,000
8,000 - 9,000
9,000 - 10,000
10,000+0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
Ship Size, in TEU
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Effects of Speed on Fuel Consumption, Panamax Bulk Carrier
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Speed (Knots)
Tons
per
Day
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Trend in Aircraft Fuel Efficiency (Fuel burned per Seat)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 201020
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Year of Introduction
% o
f Bas
e (C
omet
4)
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Trends in Fuel Efficiency, Selected Passenger Jet Planes
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 20150
1
2
3
4
5
6B720-000
B720B
B707-300
B707-100B
B707-300B
DC9-10
DC9-30
B727-200
DC9-40
B737-100/200
B747-100
DC10-10B747-200/300
DC10-30
DC10-40
L1011-500
MD80A310-300
B767-200
B737-300 A300-600
B757-200
B767-300
A320-100/200
B747-400
B737-500/600
MD11
B777-200
A380
B787-8
A350-800
Ener
gy In
tens
ity (M
J/pkm
)
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Potential to Reduce Energy Consumption in Air and Maritime Transportation
Sector
Category Measure Potential Improvem
entsAviation
Operations Advanced communications, navigation and surveillance (CNS) and air traffic management (ATM)
5%
Airframe Design and Propulsion
More efficient turbofan engines, Unducted fan engines, Advanced lightweight materials, Improved aerodynamics, New airframe designs
30%
Alternative Fuels
Medium term: Biofuels; Long term: Biofuels, Hydrogen
25%
Marine
Operations Speed reduction, Optimized routing, Reduced port time
45%
Ship Design and Propulsion
Novel hull coatings and propellers, Fuel efficiency optimization, Combined cycle operation, Multiple engines
35%
Alternative Fuels and Power
Marine diesel oil (MDO), Liquefied natural gas (LNG), Wind power sails
40%Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Potential Impacts of High Oil Prices on Transportation
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Price
P
Q
Price
A/B
P
Q(A/B)
A
B
Range
R(B)
12B
A
Rail
Road RawMaterials
DistributionCenters
RetailersManufacturing
Cost
Usage level Modal shift
Service area changes Gateway / Hub selection
Network configuration Supply chain propagation
Costs of Shipping a 40 foot Container to New York
Barrel at $30 Barrel at $60 Barrel at $100$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
$8,000
From Hong KongFrom Mexico
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Costs of Shipping a 40 foot Container From China to the American East Coast
0 50 100 150 200$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
$14,000
$16,000
From China From MexicoCopyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT SYSTEMSFOURTH EDITION
Concept 3
Transportation, Land Use and Environment
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Land Area Consumed by the Car in Selected Countries, 1999
United States
Canada
Mexico
Japan
France
Germany
United Kingdom
Sweden
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.081.7%
0.3%
0.4%
3.5%
1.9%
2.2%
1.8%
0.6%
Total land used by the car per capita (Ha) % of total land area used by the carCopyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Current and Potential Car Fleet in India and China
India
China
0 200,000,000 400,000,000 600,000,000 800,000,000
8,200,000
12,800,000
512,500,000
640,000,000
Vehicle Fleet Size for Industrialized Vehicle Ownership LevelSize of Vehicle Fleet (1999)
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Spatial Form, Pattern and Interaction and the Environmental Impacts of Transportation
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Form
Patt
ern
Inte
ract
ions
Sustainable Urban Passenger Travel, Selected Cities
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transport Energy Consumption and Density in Major Metropolitan Areas, 1990
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
80
40
20
60
20 60 30040 80 100
Los Angeles
Sydney
London Singapore
United States
Australia and Canada
EuropeAsia
Hong Kong
Chicago
HoustonPhoenix
DetroitDenver
AdelaideMelbourne
Toronto
New York
Vienna
ParisBerlin Tokyo
Ener
gy c
onsu
mpt
ion
per
capi
ta (
1,00
0 m
illio
ns o
f jou
les)
Population density (people per hectare)
Population Density, Selected Cities, 1960-1990
Tokyo
New York
Paris
London
San Francisco
Washington
Melbourne
Hamburg
Amsterdam
Frankfurt
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
1990
People per square kmCopyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT SYSTEMSFOURTH EDITION
Concept 4
Transport and Sustainability
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Sustainable Development
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Sustainable Development
Social Equity Economic Efficiency
Environmental
Responsibility
• Living conditions
• Equal opportunity
• Social cohesion• International
solidarity• Maintenance of
human capital
• Economic growth
• Efficiency and competitiveness
• Flexibility and stability
• Production / consumption
• Employment• International
trade
• Consumption of resources
• Materials and wastes
• Risks• Rate of change• Natural and
cultural landscape
Inflation-Adjusted Price of some Commodities, 1950-2009 (1998=100)
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Chromium Copper Nickel Tin Tungsten AverageCopyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Global Sustainability
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
EconomicDevelopment
Ecological
DevelopmentSo
cial
Develo
pmen
tSocia
lismConservation
Ecologism
Sustainable Transportation
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Sustainable Development
Environment
Climate Change
Air quality
Noise
Land Use
Waste
Economy
Materials and Energy
Growth
Employment
Pricing
Competitiveness
Society
Safety
Health
Disturbance
Access
Equity
Sustainable Transportation
Modes Infrastructures
Operations
Emission Controlled Areas for Maritime Shipping
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Sustainability Dimensions in the Maritime Industry
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Maritime Shipping
Port Operations
Ship recyclingHazardous materials
NoiseDredgingBrownfield sitesOdors
Water qualityAir qualityWaste managementResource conservationEnergy consumptionOil spillsAnti-fouling paintsDust
Environmental Management System for Port and Maritime Transport
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Clean Air Action Plan, Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach
Mode Control Measures CAAP cost ($M) Comments
Heavy duty diesel trucks (HDV)
All trucks meet 2007 EPA standards by 2011Alternative fuel station
$1,808 Clean Truck Program: licensed trucking companies, employee drivers, costs to be paid by state bonds, ports, fees on cargo owners
Ocean going vessels (OGV)
Vessel speed reductionElectric shore powerAuxiliary engine fuel standardsMain engine fuel standardsEngine emissions control devices
202 Incentives for VSR, cleaner fuels; ports pay for shore power
Cargo handling equipment (CHE)
Cleanest available technologiesAll CHE meet 2007 EPA standards by 2010
0 Accelerated equipment replacement by terminal operators
Harbor craft Gradual shift to highest EPA standards
0 Retrofits, engine replacements
Railroad Switch engine replacement for local rail lineIncreased emissions control on Class 1 railroadsCleanest available technology for new rail yards
21 Switch engine replacement part of existing agreement; Class 1 RR compliance by 2011; no new rail yards developed
Other Technology Advancement ProgramInfrastructure and operational efficiencyAdministrative costs
36 TAP for development of clean vehicle technology
Total $2,067
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
General Indicators of Urban Sustainability
Copyright © 1998-2016, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Urban Sustainability
Urban Sustainability
Water, materials and waste Energy and air quality
Livability
Transportation and
telecommunications
Land, green spacesand biodiversity