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TRANSPORTATION &
ENVIRONMENT
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TRANSPORT DEMAND TRANSPORT SUPPLY
TRAFFIC
LAW
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM
INTERACTION AMONG SUBSYSTEMS WILL RESULT
IN IMPACT
SIDE PRODUCT
FAVORABLE IMPACT
ADVERSE IMPACT
(UNDESIRABLE)
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INTERACTION AMONG SUBSYSTEMS WILL CAUSE CHANGES IN
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ITSELF
Impact on the natural environment
Impact on the artificial environment
Characterized by: Land use change and land use development
Example:
increased accessibility at a location can affect activities such
as
settlements, industrial, commercial centers and other
Changes in
transportation systems
generate two types of
impact
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IMPACT ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
NOTEWORTHY
ELEMENTS
Source of noise Noise receiver Affected areas
Noise Energy consumption
and air pollution
Groundwater pollution Vibration
FOUR TYPES OF PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
TRANSPORTATION FACILITY
OPERATION
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Noise levels are weighted in decibel (db)
The level of noise generated by a means of transport
dependson:
1. Volume of traffic
2. Vehicle Speed
3. Composition of vehicles
4. Distance between noise source and receiver
5. Use of continuous rail
6. Rail and wheel maintenance
7. Route
8. Takeoff gross weight
9. Runoff distance
HIGHWAY
TRAFFIC
RAIL ROAD
TRAFFIC
AIR
TRAFFIC
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AIR POLLUTION
Types of gas emissions from transportation activities:
1. Carbon monoxide
2. Hydrocarbon
3. Nitrogen oxides
HOW TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION?
Basic difference between air pollution & noise:
The impact of air pollution is longer than noise
Noise appears only for a moment and does not accumulate
withincreasing time
Vehicle speed increases
Vehicle speed increases
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Air Pollution Cost ($/vehicle-km)
Vehicle Class CO2 HC CO NOx SO2
Urban 0,06 - 0,13 7,20 12 0,60 - 8,40 0,01 - 0,36
Rural 0,06 - 0,13 3,60 0 0,05 - 0,06 0,0003
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Speed vs Emission
Speed Emission (gram/km)
(km/hour) CO NOx SO2
10 1,201 0,216 0,005
20 1,206 0,16 0,005
6025 2,171 0,197 0,005
30 1,085 0,15 0,003
35 1,381 0,149 0,003
40 1,143 0,154 0,002
45 1,52 0,173 0,007
50 1,053 0,158 0,001
55 1,313 0,141 0,00
60 1,35 0,164 0,003
65 0,922 0,113 0,003
70 0,971 0,151 0,00
75 0,088 0,032 0,00
80 2,025 0,323 0,00
85 0,972 0,14 0,00
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Vibration caused by transportation activities can occur due to
the operation of:
1. Heavy vehicle onthe highway(especially on theprimary
arterialroad)
2. Undergroundrailway
VIBRATION
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HOW TO MINIMIZE THE IMPACT OF VIBRATION DUE TO
TRANSPORTATION?
Arrange the location of residential areas, laboratoryand
educational area to major arterial roads
Traffic restrain
The use of pavement material that able to reducevibration
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INTENSITY OF ENERGY
0
20
40
60
80
Mobilpribadi
Truk Sepedamotor
Bus kota Bus antarkota
Bus sekolah Pesawat KA komuter KA antarkota
Ene
rgi (
un
it/p
sgr-
mile
)
Load Factor (psgr-veh)
Energi (unit/psgr-mile)
Load Factor (psgr-veh)
Energy intensities of transportation modes in the US, 1990
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Transportation Energy Data Book,
1993
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TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY MODE
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TRAFFIC IMPACT vs RESIDENTIAL DISTANCE
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TRANSPORTATION IMPACT TO LAND USE
POSITIVE IMPACT:
Increase the accessibility of a region
Development of new land use
increase in land values in the surrounding area of
roadconstruction
NEGATIVE IMPACT:
Due to the operation of new roads / changes in the function
ofthe road, local residents and certain activities become
disrupted
