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),,(),(),(),,(),,(1
rtrtrtrtrttc
III
III
xtc
1
IIII
rrtc
)1(1 2
SII
dd
dxd
8.1 Radiation Transport
/S
2
)(
)()(
)(),()(
0 )(),0()(
d
xdx
xx
dee
deex
x
x
SI
SII
x
dx0
1
d
xdx
1
II r
]),([),(0
debRebr SII
Integrated form
(2) Spherical Geometry
(1) Plane geometry
Rr
r drrb 22
)(
1
Rr
rrb
r drrb
drrb 22
)(
22
)(
112
3
EFE ct
4
4
1d
cIE
4dIF
FPF tc 2
1
dc
IP :1
Angular moment equation
Radiation energy densityRadiation heat fluxRadiation pressure
5
kik
i xPP
)( dc ikki
IP1
),()(),( 0 xxx II
4
4 ),( dx2
1
1 d
0
4IE
c
1
12 d
cEF
6
Radiation pressure tensor (1)
PE
PE
P
P
P
300
030
000
2
1
00
00
00
P
1
1
2
2
1 dEP
EFE cxt
4
FPF
cxtc
2
1
7
Radiation pressure tensor (2)
Equation to Radiation Energy Density (Plane Geometry)
EFE crrrt
4)(1 2
2
F
EPPF
crrtc
31
2
EP f
1
1
2
2
1 df
1
31f)1(2
1
8
Equation to Radiation Energy Density (Plane Geometry)
EEFE
cuxdt
d
4)()(
FFP
F
)()(c
uc
xdt
d
c
EEFE
currrdt
d
4)]([1
)( 22
F
EPFP
F
r
cc
ur
rrc
rdt
d
c
3)(
1)()( 2
2
10
Equation of Radiation in Fluid Frame
Plane Geometry
Spherical Geometry
0)(
uxt
rmmu
xu
tSP
)()( 2
re
m uu
xu
tS
P
)]2
([)2
(2
2
0)()( 22
R
R
uxc
ut
PPF
0])2
([)2
(2
2
RR u
ux
ut
FP
E
11
8.2 Radiation Hydrodynamics
Total Energy and Momentum Conservation Relations
0
1 dc
rm FS
0
)4( dcre ES
)1
(~~22 c
uo
uu
RR
PE
)(~2
2
2 c
uo
uc
R
F
cos)(1 x
EF3
c EP
3
1
EF
x
c
3
12
The coupling term with matter
RPP
RRP
RRP c
x
cl
xtEEE
43
duuld
T
dT
ll RR )(
0
0
0
GB
B
duud
dPP )(
0
0
0
GB
B
2
4
4 )1(4
15u
u
R e
eu
G
1
15 3
4
uP e
u
G
14
Near LTE Approximation (Gray Approximation)
Rosseland mean-free-path
Planck opacity
RP
RR
x
clEF
3
1j
j
id
EE GG NiNj 1,0
iiii
i
i cx
cl
tt
EEE
4)3
(
1
1
j
j
j
ji
dT
dT
ll
B
B
1
1
j
j
j
ji
d
d
B
B
15
Multi-group gray diffusion approximation
i
i
i
x
cl
EF
3
ii cfs EF
gni
i
i
i c SER
RF
1
i
i
ii
xl
EE
R
1
3
1
coscoth
1)(
RRR
16
Eddington coefficient (How to model angular distribution)
Ex
cR
4
RcERF )(
)1
(coth1
)(R
RR
R
211
211
02625.05953.01
2694.001932.0
3
1
RR
RRf
211 2
3
2
13
1
RR
f
13
13
10
1
1
R
R
17
Variable Edington Factor
31
Super-Massive BH of C of G(Image by HST)400 ly88,000 ly
Photo-ionization by X-rays from BH
Accretion Disk and Black Hole
33
多くの銀河の中心には、質量が太陽の一千万倍を超える巨大ブラックホールがあると考えられていますが、確実な証拠はこれまでつかむことができませんでした。このたび VLBI 観測によって中心天体のまわりの小さな領域で高速に回転するガスや星のすがたがとらえられました。この回転が太陽系の惑星のようなケプラー運動なら、中心天体の質量は簡単に算出できます。 NGC4258(M106) という銀河系の中心近くのガス回転運動の様子を VLBI 観測等によって調べたところ、半径 0.13 パーセクより小さい領域に太陽の 3600 万倍の質量が存在することがわかりました。平均密度はこれまでブラックホールの候補と考えられてきた天体の 40 倍と大きく、 NGC4258 の中心にブラックホールが存在する有力な証拠と考えられています。 <三好 真>
34
Figure 1: NRAO Very Large Array image of the radio galaxy 3C 403 at a wavelength of 3.6 cm. The intensity range of the colors (in Jansky, Jy, units) is indicated at the right hand side. The red arrow points at the galaxy's nucleus. The spectrum shown in the upper left hand inset was taken with the Effelsberg 100m telescope. The y-axis is flux density in Jy, while the x-axis gives the recession velocity (in km/s), i.e. the speed which with 3C 403 and the Milky Way are moving apart. The green arrow points at the systemic radial velocity of the whole galaxy. Image: National Radio Astronomy Observatory/Rick Perley (NRAO/AUI/NSF)
45
Spectral characterization
300 11.5 mm tungsten wires20 MA current100 ns rise time8 ns FWHM peak120 TW peak power =x 25 erg cm/s at the peak
165 eV near-BB radiationSynchrotron high energy tail
49
Super-Massive BH of C of G(Image by HST)400 ly88,000 ly
Photo-ionization by X-rays from BH
8.6 Photo-ionization in X-ray Binary System
At Institute of Physics, Beijing, China, Summer 2006
Japan-China Joint Research funded by JSPS and NSFC (2005-2007) still on going.
PI(project): H. Takabe (Japan) and J. Zhang(China)PI(experiment): H. Nishimura (Japan) and Y. Li (China)Staff: S. Fujioka, N. Yamamoto, W. Feilu, D. Salzman etc.
50
Two Type of Experiments have been done with GXII and
Shengang II
1. H. G. Wei et al., Opacity studies of silicon in radiatively heated plasmaAstrophysical J. Lett. 683, Page 577–583, (2008)
2. Fei-lu Wang et al., Experimental evidence and theoretical analysis of photo-ionized plasma under x-ray radiation produced by intense laserPhys. Plasmas 15, 073108 (2008)
Japan-China Joint Research by JSPS and NSFC (2005-2007)
51
We are carrying out the second step.
Radiation Temperature Tr = 0.5 keV
Final Purpose is the Prediction of Candidate of X-ray Laser Object near Compact Object in
Universe.
52
H. Takabe1, S. Fujioka1, N. Yamamoto1, F. L. Wang2, D. Saltzmann3, Y. T. Li4, Q.L. Dong4, S.J. Wang4, Y. Zhang4, Yong-
Woo Lee5, Yong-Joo Rhee5, Jae Min Han5, M. Tanabe1, T. Fujiwara1, Y. Nakabayashi1, J. Zhang4, H. Nishimura1,
1Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871,Japan.
2National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
3Department of Plasma Physics, Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yavne, Israel.
4Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100080, China.5Quantum Optics Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research
Institute, 1045 Daedeok Street Yuseonggu, Daejon 305-353, Korea.
53
X-ray from Companion Star of Cyg X-3
58F. Paerels, et al., Astrophys. J. 533, L135 (2000).Photo-ionization by X-rays from BH candidate (Chandra)
K
Satellite Lines from Be-like Si
Ener
gy
L
Photon from Radiation Source
Photo-ionized electron
Satellite Line
66
Chandra X-ray Data from VELA
X-1
N. R. Schultz et al., ApJ 564; L21, 2002
68
0.012
0.008
0.004
0.000Inte
nsi
ty (
a.u
.)
1.881.861.841.821.80
Photon energy (keV)4.00
2.00
0.00Co
un
t/s/
keV
1.881.861.841.821.80Energy (keV)
実験室
ブラックホール
68
Black HoleUniverse
Experiment
Joint Exp. Japan-China-Korea
This is accepted for publication in the Nature-Physics (2009)
69
Poem by Edward Teller:
A fact without a theoryis like a ship without a rail,is like a boat without a rudder,is like a kite without a tail.
A fact without a theoryis like an inconclusive act.But if there’s one thing worse,in this confusing universe,it’s a theory without a fact
Edward Teller(Nuclear Physicist and Founder of LLNL)