Chapter 7 MemoryChapter 7 Memory

EncodingEncoding

11stst step in remembering step in remembering Putting information into memoryPutting information into memory

StorageStorage

Second step in remembering information.Second step in remembering information. Putting information into short term or long Putting information into short term or long

term memoryterm memory

RetrievalRetrieval

Locating stored information and returning Locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought.it to conscious thought.

33rdrd step in remembering step in remembering

Types of MemoryTypes of Memory

Explicit (takes conscious effort to recall)Explicit (takes conscious effort to recall) Episodic-memory of your life Episodic-memory of your life Semantic-factSemantic-fact Processed into long-term memory by Processed into long-term memory by

hippocampushippocampus Implicit/Implicit/ProceduralProcedural (no effort) (no effort)

Classical conditioningClassical conditioning Skills (swimming, walking, etc.)Skills (swimming, walking, etc.) Processed into long-term memory by cerebellumProcessed into long-term memory by cerebellum

Flashbulb memoryFlashbulb memory

Events so important it seems as though it Events so important it seems as though it is a photograph in your mind. is a photograph in your mind.

Example: Wedding dayExample: Wedding day

Types of encodingTypes of encoding

Semantic: Semantic: Make something meaningful in order to Make something meaningful in order to

remember it.remember it. Ex., you remember song lyrics that you like Ex., you remember song lyrics that you like

more easily than your class notesmore easily than your class notes We remember things that are emotional for We remember things that are emotional for

us-funny, embarrassing, clever, intriguing, etcus-funny, embarrassing, clever, intriguing, etc Acoustic-remember by soundAcoustic-remember by sound Visual-remember what we seeVisual-remember what we see

amazing memory

ProcessingProcessing

Ebinghaus and the forgetting curveEbinghaus and the forgetting curve ForgetForget a lot a lot quicklyquickly unless we consciously try unless we consciously try

to remember the informationto remember the information

Spacing effect- studying a little each night Spacing effect- studying a little each night leads to better encoding of information leads to better encoding of information

Primacy effect-beginning of a list goes into Primacy effect-beginning of a list goes into long-term memory better.long-term memory better.

Recency effect-end of list goes into short-Recency effect-end of list goes into short-term memory better term memory better SO WE GET THE…SO WE GET THE…

Serial Position effect-remember beginning Serial Position effect-remember beginning and end of a listand end of a list

Mnemonic DevicesMnemonic Devices(help enhance encoding)(help enhance encoding)

Method of location-tie objects to your daily Method of location-tie objects to your daily routine.routine.

Narrative chaining-tell a story linking itemsNarrative chaining-tell a story linking items Acronyms-take first letter of each word to Acronyms-take first letter of each word to

be encoded and make them start new be encoded and make them start new words in an easy to remember phrasewords in an easy to remember phrase

Ex.-My Very Eager Mother Just Served us Ex.-My Very Eager Mother Just Served us Nachos. (sorry Pluto)Nachos. (sorry Pluto)

Socks fishing poleSocks fishing pole GoatGoat Car tireCar tire Pickle US flagPickle US flag ElvisElvis Garden hose spaghettiGarden hose spaghetti ComputerComputer BasketballBasketball PizzaPizza GlobeGlobe StaplerStapler treetree

Chunking-grouping items to remember Chunking-grouping items to remember themthem

Over learning-looking at something over Over learning-looking at something over and over again until it is learned.and over again until it is learned.

StorageStorage

Sensory memory-Sensory memory- 11stst stage of memory through our senses. stage of memory through our senses. TYPES:TYPES:

1. 1. Iconic Memory- Iconic Memory- Mental pictures, they are Mental pictures, they are like snapshotslike snapshots

Different from flashbulb because it is a still Different from flashbulb because it is a still frame rather than playing movieframe rather than playing movie

2. 2. Acoustic/Echoic Memory-Acoustic/Echoic Memory- Remembering what you hear or…Remembering what you hear or… Saying things out loud in order to Saying things out loud in order to

remember themremember them

Short Term MemoryShort Term Memory

Memory we keep only for a short period of Memory we keep only for a short period of time.time.

Will forget information later that is in short Will forget information later that is in short term memory unless we are able to term memory unless we are able to encode it into long-term memoryencode it into long-term memory

Long-Term MemoryLong-Term Memory

Memories that are in your mind for goodMemories that are in your mind for good Your mind already holds more information Your mind already holds more information

than an encyclopedia or computer hard than an encyclopedia or computer hard drive.drive.

It holds words, pictures, sounds, smells, It holds words, pictures, sounds, smells, tastes, touches, etc…tastes, touches, etc…

Apparently there is no limit to how much Apparently there is no limit to how much we can rememberwe can remember

Long-term potentiation- Long-term potentiation- Signal transmission between neurons gets Signal transmission between neurons gets

stronger after repeated use of those neural stronger after repeated use of those neural pathways.pathways.

So…the more you think about information, So…the more you think about information, the better it stays in your memory the better it stays in your memory

RetrievalRetrieval Recall of learned informationRecall of learned information

PrimingPriming-exposure to a stimulus that later -exposure to a stimulus that later influences memory recallinfluences memory recall

Ex. Participants in one study read a story Ex. Participants in one study read a story about the ocean and were later asked to recall about the ocean and were later asked to recall their favorite detergent.their favorite detergent.

Ex. Reading a list of words that includes table. Ex. Reading a list of words that includes table. Later when asked to come up with a word that Later when asked to come up with a word that starts with ta-more likely to say table. starts with ta-more likely to say table.

State-dependent MemoriesState-dependent Memories We remember something better in the We remember something better in the

same physiological and mental state we same physiological and mental state we learned it in. learned it in.

TypesTypes

1.1. ContextContext-we remember better in the same -we remember better in the same environment we learned something inenvironment we learned something in

2.2. MoodMood-we remember past events better if we -we remember past events better if we were in the same mood then that we are were in the same mood then that we are nownow

3.3. When learning something while When learning something while on a drugon a drug, , rats in a study remembered it better when on rats in a study remembered it better when on the drug againthe drug again

4. 4. SensationsSensations we have felt before can trigger we have felt before can trigger memory as well, such as a familiar smell memory as well, such as a familiar smell triggering a memory.triggering a memory.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenonTip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Come so close to retrieving information Come so close to retrieving information that it seems like the information is on the that it seems like the information is on the tip-of-the-tongue.tip-of-the-tongue.

InterferenceInterference

Proactive interference-old Proactive interference-old information information blocks recall of new informationblocks recall of new information

Ex. A boy call his girlfriend by his old Ex. A boy call his girlfriend by his old girlfriends name.girlfriends name.

Retroactive interferenceRetroactive interference-new information -new information blocks recall of old informationblocks recall of old informationEx. Forget old locker combination after Ex. Forget old locker combination after using the new one for a few weeks.using the new one for a few weeks.

Repression-unable to retrieve unpleasant Repression-unable to retrieve unpleasant memoriesmemories

Misinformation effect-leading questions can Misinformation effect-leading questions can affect the accuracy of memoryaffect the accuracy of memory

Elizabeth Loftus experiment-when asked how Elizabeth Loftus experiment-when asked how fast cars were going when the “smashed” into fast cars were going when the “smashed” into each other after watching video of a crash, each other after watching video of a crash, people overestimated the speed of the cars people overestimated the speed of the cars and described broken glass when there was and described broken glass when there was none.none.

Retrograde amnesia-can’t remember the Retrograde amnesia-can’t remember the pastpast

Anterograde amnesia-can’t form new Anterograde amnesia-can’t form new memoriesmemories