Chapter 7: Freud and Jung

A History of Psychology

(3rd Edition)

John G. Benjafield

The Unconscious

• ‘Not conscious or knowing within oneself; unaware, regardless, heedless’

• ‘Not characterized by, or endowed with, the faculty or presence of consciousness’

• ‘Not realized or known as existing in oneself’

• ‘Not attended by, or present to, consciousness; performed, employed, etc., without conscious action’

Anton Mesmer (1734–1815)

• Mesmerism → Hypnotism

• Animal Magnetism: the force to which Mesmer attributed hypnotic effects

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)

• Childhood:– Top of class at the ‘Gymnasium’

• 1881: Entered university– Experienced anti-Semitism– Ernst Brüke = influential teacher

• 1885: Went to study in Paris– Studied with Jean-Martin Charcot at the

Salpêtrière Hospital– Focused on patients with hysteria

Hysteria

• Conversion hysteria: the patient has a physical symptom, such as paralysis or lack of feeling in a part of the body– Ex. Glove anaesthesia: no sensation in the hand

below the wrist

• Potential causes?– Neural disorder– Fabrication– Unconscious forces (Freud)

Case of Anna O.

• Real name: Bertha Pappenheim

• 1880: treated by Joseph Breuer

• Symptoms included: paralysis of both legs and the right arm

• Diagnosis: hysteria

• Treatment: hypnosis

Case of Anna O., cont’d.

• Freud began to adopt Breuer’s procedure; published an account of it together

• Catharsis: the process by which the expression of an emotion removes its pathological effect

Repression

• Freud began to see hysterical symptoms as the result of sexual trauma that had occurred in early childhood– Based his conclusion on cases of six men and

twelve women

• Freud argued that the symptoms of hysteria were the result of repression– Person forgets painful experiences but trace

of the memory still exists in the unconscious

Repressed Memories as Fantasy

• Freud eventually came to believe that the descriptions of sexual abuse given by his patients were actually fantasties– Represented infantile wishes on the part of

the patients

• Ex. Oedipus complex

Project for a Scientific Psychology

• Written in 1895; published posthumously in 1950

• One of its goals was to explain the nature of consciousness in neurological terms

• Served as a draft of Freud’s preliminary ideas

Primary vs. Secondary Processes

• Primary process– Follow the pleasure principle

• Secondary processes– Follow the reality principle

The Interpretation of Dreams

• Ch. 1–6: review of previous work on dreams

• Ch. 7: Freud presented his own theory– ‘certain memories actually cause dreams’

Freud’s Dynamic Model

• Represented by a triangle – Top = conscious system

• Contains all those things of which we are aware

– Middle = preconscious system• Contains all those things of which we are not now

aware but of which we could become aware

– Bottom = unconscious system• Contains those things of which we are not aware and

cannot directly become aware

Dreams

• Dreams = unconscious wishes + preconscious material

• Manifest content: what we experience when we dream

• Latent content: what we discover by analyzing a dream

• Free association: procedure by which the patient begins by thinking about a dream and then saying whatever comes to mind without censoring

Development of the Personality

Psychosexual stages:

• Oral stage

• Anal stage

• Phallic stage

• Genital stage

• Risk of fixation at each stage

Structure of the Personality

• Id

• Ego – Realistic anxiety– Moral anxiety

• Superego – Neurotic anxiety

Religion and Culture

• Freud influenced by Sir James G. Frazer– Cultural anthropologist

• Incest taboo

• Primal horde

• Life instinct (Eros)

• Death instinct (Thanatos)

Freud and America

• Freud visited the United States in 1909

• Lectured on psychoanalysis at Clark University in Worcester, MA– Visit was highly publicized

• Led to subsequent popularity of psychoanalysis in the United States

Freud’s Death

• Freud family left Vienna for England– After Anna Freud was interrogated by the

Gestapo

• Freud died shortly after arriving in England– Had suffered from cancer of the palate since

1923– Died on 23 September 1939

Freud’s Critics and Supporters within Psychoanalysis

• Anna Freud

• Karen Horne

• Alfred Adler

• C.G. Jung

Anna Freud (1895–1982)

• Freud’s daughter, secretary, nurse, etc.

• Known for her elaboration of the defence mechanisms:– Displacement– Projection– Rationalization– Reaction formation

Karen Horney (1885–1952)

• Born and educated in Germany; moved to United States in 1932

• Became first woman to found an independent psychoanalytic society (the American Institute for Psychoanalysis)

• Argued neurosis was outcome of child’s response to basic anxiety1. Moving towards people2. Moving away from people3. Moving against people

Alfred Adler (1870–1937)

• Was uncomfortable with Freud’s emphasis on sexuality

• Focused on role of feelings of inferiority in human development

• Believed birth order was particularly important

C.G. Jung (1875–1961)

• Trained as a physician

• Began writing to Freud after reading The Interpretation of Dreams

• Visited Freud in Vienna in 1907

• Accompanied Freud to US in 1909– His lecture focused on the technique of word

association

Freud vs. Jung

Freud

• Saw the libido as sexual energy

Jung

• Wanted to desexualize the concept of the libido– Broader concept of the

libido

Analytical Psychology

• Jung left the psychoanalytic movement

• Founded his own theoretical school: analytical psychology– Later came to be called archetypal psychology

• 1921: Psychological Types

Extraversion and Introversion

• Opposing tendencies

• General features of mental life

• Refers to the ways in which different people relate to the world

The Unconscious

• Collective unconscious: characteristics possessed by the species as a whole

• Personal unconscious: analogous to Freud’s concept of the unconscious

Archetypes

• Exploration of the collective unconscious reveals existence of archetypes

• Archetypes: ‘the pattern from which copies are made’– Anima: the masculine image of femininity– Animus: the feminine image of masculinity

• Persona: one’s public self

Balancing Opposites

• Jung: the goal of the person is to balance the opposing tendencies within themselves– Concept drawn in part from medieval alchemy

The Four Functions

Perceptual Functions: • Sensation and intuition

Judgmental Functions:• Thinking and feeling