Upload
arthur-goodwin
View
229
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 6The Human Organism and
the Importance of NutritionTopics:
Nutrition and Nutrients: the Digestive SystemRespiration and Energy: Respiratory System
Transporting Nutrients: The Cardiovascular systemFighting Disease: The Lymphatic System
Elimination of Waste: The Urinary System
Nutrition
What it is and how to balance it
Nutrients
• A nutrient is a substance found in food that is used by the body to meet important needs
• In other words, it’s the stuff in food that we need.
• Some nutrients give us
• Some nutrients are useful in other ways.
6 components to nutrition
• 1. Carbs (carbohydrates)
• 2. Protein• 3. Fats (lipids)
• 4. Vitamins• 5. Minerals• 6. Water
Carbs (carbohydrates) • For energy • Carbs (carbohydrate) go
by many names– Sugar or starch
• Simple sugars• complex carbohydrates, like
starch, glycogen and cellulose
– Starch sources: grains, pasta potatoes
– Sources of sugar: nearly everything!!!
Protein
• builds and maintains body tissue– creates all the structures of our bodies
• hair, muscles, fingernails
• Not all proteins are alike. – Proteins are made up of amino acids.
Protein
• Essential Amino acids are a fundamental part of our diet. – 10 of the 20 amino acids are made by the human body– The other 10 cannot and must be eaten. – ***These other ten are "essential amino acids"
• They can easily be provided by a balanced diet.***
• Protein as Energy source– Inefficient use of protein because– It must be used immediately or– the body converts protein to fat
Fats (lipids=fats, oil, waxes, sterols)
• Contain twice the energy per gram as either carbs or protein.
• Important for getting your vitamins– Vitamins A, D, E and K require fats– You must eat fats along with these
vitamins for your body to absorb them
• They are “fat soluble” ( as opposed to water soluble)
Fats• In our body Fats are used for
Energy Storage– Excess carbs and glucose are
converted to fats.
• Fat is also needed to: – cushion all organs– insulate against heat loss.
• Fat becomes harmful in excess!– Stresses bones, muscles, heart and
emotions
Cholesterol• Cholesterol is a type of fat that is
found in most animals• It is needed for many processes,
including:– Maintaining cell membrane flexibility– Making hormones
• Cholesterol is:– Present in animal based foods – Not present in plant based foods
• Your liver produces all you need• You don’t need to eat any extra!
Too much cholesterol can clog up your
arteries!
Cholesterol is found in fatty
meat
Vitamins and Minerals
• Both are substances needed in tiny amounts for metabolic processes– Minerals are inorganic– Digesting food,
building/repairing tissue, transporting materials etc
• Are you getting enough?– Marked on food labels as %
DV• Percentage daily value
Vitamins and minerals
• Are you getting enough?– carefully plan your diet to
include:• dairy foods, veggies, meats and
fortified foods– Fortified = vitamins/minerals
added (ie. Iodine in salt, vitamin D in milk etc.)
– Or take a multivitamin that supplement your diet.
• Does not replace a healthy diet
Focus Vitamins and minerals
• Tough vits and mins to get enough of in your diet.• Calcium
– What It Does• Keeps bones and teeth healthy• Helps nerves function• Regulates your heartbeat• Needed to make blood clot
– Where you get it• Dark leafy greens, beans, dairy
Focus Vitamins and minerals
• Vitamin D– What it does
• forms bones and teeth• Helps immune function
– Where to get it• Sun bathing• Vitamin D fortified milk• Salmon with bones/Sardines• Eggs and egg substitutes
Focus on Vitamins and Minerals
• Vitamin CVitamin C– What does it do?What does it do?
• Heals wounds and broken bonesHeals wounds and broken bones– Smokers should take 175% DVSmokers should take 175% DV
• Improves immunityImproves immunity
– Where do I get it?Where do I get it?• Fruits (esp. citrus), broccoli, cabbageFruits (esp. citrus), broccoli, cabbage
Arrrghh!If you don’t get any
vitamin C, you could get SCURVEY!
Then your teeth might fall out!
Focus Vitamins and minerals
• Vitamin B12
– What it do• Helps absorb food• Helps nervous system
– Memory• Keeps blood cells healthy
– Where you get it• Liver
– Meat in general• Milk• Fortified cereals
Energy from Food• The amount of energy in food can be measured
in:• Dietary Calories (Cal)
– technically, a capital “C” dietary calorie is a kilocalorie, 1000 small “c” physical calories, but we will use the common approach and just call them Calories.
• or Kilojoules (kJ)– One kJ = 4.19 Cal– So, if you know how many Calories a food has, just
multiply by 4 to find its approximate kilojoules.
Why two different measures?
• In Canada we are supposed to use kilojoules, in accordance with international standards
• In the United States they mostly use Calories, so lots of our textbooks and cookbooks list food energy in Calories.
Energy from food
• Only three of the six parts of your diet give you energy– Carbohydrates
• 4 cal/g
– Proteins• 4 cal/g
– Fats• 9 cal/g
Energy needs• You need energy for everything
your body does and even for your mind’s thoughts!
• The basic energy requirements are keep your heart, brain and other organs going.
• In addition any exercise you do requires energy based on – Intensity of activity– Your body mass
Energy in = Energy out?• The amount of energy we get from food
should be equal to the amount of energy that we use.
• If we get less energy from our food, we begin to starve.
• If we get more energy from our food than we use, then our body stores the extra energy as fat.
Energy
In other words…
• If you use up 2000 Calories (8000 kJ) in a day by your activities…
• Then you should eat food containing about 2000 Calories (8000 kJ) in order to replace your energy
How much do you need
• Varies with age and sex– Adolescent girl : 1800-2400 Cal (7200-9600 kJ)
– Adolescent boy: 2200-3200 Cal (8800-12800kJ)
Everything is related to nutrition
What you eat, exercise, how well you care for yourself.
What do you think this diagram means?
Another pyramid: the food pyramid• Eat only a little of the stuff
on top: Sweets and carbohydrates
• Eat a bit more meat and dairy
• Eat even more fruit and vegetables
• Eat mostly foods with lots of grain and fibre, like bread, cereal, rice and
Eat…
• Lots of grain and fibre-rich food.• Quite a bit of fruit and vegetables.• Some meat and dairy.• Just a little bit of dessert.
Filling in the Calories Used TableActivity # hours Cal /h Calories used Kilojoules
Sleeping, Lying down 60
Sitting, Watching TV 90
Standing 120
Light Exercise 170
Sports, Heavy Exercise 300
TOTAL
8 h10 h2 h3 h1 h
4809002405103002430
19203600960204012009720
Conclusion : Yesterday I used approximately 2430 calories of energy (or about 9720 kilojoules)
Food(Breakfast)
Servings eaten
Calories per serving
Calories consumed
Kilojoules consumed
TOTAL
Cereal / Milk
Toast / butter
EggBacon
1213
110657535
11013075115
440520300460
430 1720
Exercises and Assignments
• Text Book• Read pp. 159 to 166• Do page 194, question #1 to 3
• Workbook• Do pages 89, 90, 91 and 92
The Digestive System-a one way tube through the body
Topics:Digestive Tract vs. Glands•Digestion and absorption
•The organs of the tube
Two Main Parts of Digestive System• I. The Digestive Tract
• 1) Mouth Ingests and chews food• 2) Pharynx Forms food into a bolus & swallows• 3) Esophagus Carries food to the stomach• 4) Stomach Churns food into chyme• 5) Small Intestine Absorbs nutrients from food• 6) Large Intestine Absorbs water from waste• 7) Rectum & Anus Eliminate waste food solids
• II. The Digestive Glands• A) Salivary Glands Secrete saliva• B) Gastric Glands Secrete stomach acid, mucus and pepsin• C) Liver (with gall bladder) Secretes bile• D) Pancreas Secretes pancreatic juice• E) Intestinal Glands Secretes digestive enzymes & mucus
Digestion• Your digestive system
digests two ways– Chemically
• Acids and enzymes react with foods to release their nutrients
– Physically/Mechanically• Food is smooshed, torn and
broken down into smaller pieces to releases nutrients
Absorption• After food has been
digested– Nutrients from food leave
your digestive tract– And are absorbed into
your blood
The Mouth
(AKA:oral cavity)
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
(duodenum)
(jejunum)
(ileum)
Large intestine
(Ascending colon)
(Transverse colon)
(Descending colon)
(Sigmoid colon)
Rectum
Anus
Salivary glands (saliva)
Gastric glands (stomach lining) (digestive juices) (acid & enzymes)
Liver (bile)
Gall Bladder (bile storage)
Pancreas (pancreatic juice)
Intestinal Glands
Appendix (no function)
DigestiveTract
Associated Glands & organs
Pepsin
Acid
Amylase
BilePancreatic
Juice
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4 5
5
66
7
7
A
A
7b
7b
B
BC
C
D
D
E
*
*
mucus
Pharynx
Organs of the tube:1. Mouth
• Mechanical digestion (physical breakdown)– Teeth
• Chemical digestion (digestive enzymes)– Saliva
• Under control of nervous system• Contains:
Lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme)Amylase (breaks down starch)
Teeth
Palate
Uvula
Tongue
Salivary GlandSalivary Gland
2. The Pharynx• The pharynx is your throat. It
determines whether we are breathing or swallowing
• We can’t do both at the same time
• A small muscular flaps, the uvula and the epiglotis control this.
• When we are breathing, they open a passage from our nose to our lungs.
• When we swallow, they close off the lungs, and force the food into our esophagus
Air
Food
UvulaEpiglottis
3. Esophagus• Tube that pushes bolus from
the mouth to the stomach– bolus = food clump– The pushing is done by
Peristalsis (click on word for animation)
• wave of muscle contractions
– Peristalsis pushes our food through the entire digestive system
• Heartburn is stomach acid burning the bottom of the esophagus
• Tube that pushes bolus from the mouth to the stomach– bolus = food clump– The pushing is done by
Peristalsis (click on word for animation)
• wave of muscle contractions
– Peristalsis pushes our food through the entire digestive system
• Heartburn is stomach acid burning the bottom of the esophagus
4. The Stomach• Mechanical digestion in the stomach:
– Stomach muscles churn to produce chyme• Chyme is mushed up food in stomach
• Chemical Digestion in the stomach:– Gastric glands in the stomach lining secrete mucus and
hydrochloric acid. Acid also activates release of pepsin• Ulcers :
– Painful hole in stomach caused by excess acid or bacteria
5. The Small Intestine• Starts right after the stomach• Many enzymes and chemicals break down food
– Enzymes and chemicals are injected from the pancreas and liver
• ABSORBS nutrients.– Small intestine is lined w/villi (tiny projections) covered
w/microvilli• Peristalsis pushes bolus along to large intestine
The Pancreas (a Gland)• Pancreas – gland just below the stomach
– Pancreatic juice neutralizes stomach acid• Works like “baking soda” to get rid of excess acid.
– Produces enzymes (like amylase) that break down macromolecules
– The Pancreas also releases insulin into blood.
The Liver (a Gland)• Liver – large organ just above the stomach
– Produces bile (breaks down fat)– Also vital for removal of toxins from body
6. The Large Intestine• Recovers water (absorbs it back into the blood)
• Forms and stores feces (waste)• Microbial fermentation to digest indigestible foods
(cellulose/wood)• Pushes waste to rectum by peristalsis
7. The Rectum
• The rectum holds feces until they leave the anus
• The anus is a sphincter muscle– When you go #2 the
sphincter relaxes– When you hold it, the
sphincter contracts• Peristalsis pushes feces out of
your body
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
(colon)
Large intestine
Organs of the Digestive Tractmajor organs are numbered, connections are not
Digestive Tract organ connection Function connects– 1. Mouth mechanical digestion– 2. Pharynx Epiglottis mouth esophagus
– 3. Esophagus moves food bolusCardiac sphincter
esophagus stomach– 4. Stomach digestion
Pyloric valve stomach small intestine
– 5. Small intestine digestionabsorbs nutrients !
Cecum small intestine large
– 6. Large intestine absorbs water– 7. Rectum holds feces until released.
Anal sphincterRectumoutside
Intestines
Stomach
Glands of the Digestive System
• What the glands & organs secrete:– Salivary glands amylase digests starch
(in mouth) lysozyme kills bacteria– Gastric Glands acid dissolves foods
(in stomach lining) pepsin digests proteinmucus protects stomach
– Liver & gall bladder bile digests fats– Pancreas pancreatic neutralizes acid
juice helps digest fats & carbs
insulin absorbs carbs into bloodinto blood
Mouth
Exercises and Assignments
• Text Book• Read pages 167 to 171• Do Questions 4 and 5 on pages 194 to 195
• Workbook• Do 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98
The Respiratory SystemTopics:
•Respiration?•Parts of the resp sys
•Breathing
Respiratory System
• Respiration is the process by which we get from nutrients.
• Carbs, Fats and Proteins can provide us with energy if they are OXIDIZED by mitochondria or our cells.
• To oxidize these nutrients, we need• Getting this oxygen into our blood is the job of
the respiratory system.
What is Respiration?• Respiration is…
– A) the process by which food is oxidized– B) the Process where Oxygen (O2) is
exchanged for Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Respiratory system consists of: • Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, lungs, ALVEOLI
1. Nasal Passages. They filter the air with hairs, and they warm and moisten the air with mucus.
Nose
Parts of the Respiratory System
Mouth
PharynxNasal Passage
Parts of the Respiratory System• 2. Pharynx = passage way to the trachea
(windpipe) and to the esophagus.• Epiglottis = door that opens/closes trachea• The pharynx is a crossing point between digestive and respiratory systems
PharynxLarynx
EpiglottisMouth
Nose
• 3. Larynx = vocal cords sit at top of trachea. They carry air and produce sound (voice)
Pharynx
LarynxTrachea
Epiglottis
Parts of the Respiratory System
Mouth
Nose
• 4. Trachea= AKA windpipe, tube that flows from larynx to bronchi. It further filters the air, and sweeps dirt upwards using hair-like cilia
Parts of the Respiratory System
TracheaMouth
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Lung
Epiglottis
• 5. Bronchi (sing. Bronchus) are two air passages into lungs. They split into many smaller bronchioles.
Mouth
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
TracheaLung
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Edge ofpleural membrane
Diaphragm
Epiglottis
Capillaries
Alveoli
Bronchiole
Parts of the Respiratory System
Parts of the Respiratory System• 6. Lungs = Spongy, elastic organs in the ribcage.
• Alvioli: inside the lungs are air sacs w/ capillaries that exchange O2 & CO2 (350 million of them)
• Alvioli are the FUNCTIONAL UNIT of resp. sys.
Mouth
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Edge ofpleural membrane
Diaphragm
Epiglottis
Capillaries
Alveoli
BronchioleLung
Gas Exchange
• In alveoli, O2 diffuses across capillaries and CO2 diffuses out– Inhale:
• 21% O2
• 0.04% CO2
– Exhale• 15% O2
• 4% CO2
Alveoli
Bronchiole
Capillary
How do we Breath?
• Diaphragm = muscle that pulls down & expand lungs
Air inhaled
Diaphragm
Rib cage rises
Air exhaled
Diaphragm
Rib cage descends
Inhalation Exhalation
How is breathing controlled?• The Brain Stem (AKA: medulla oblongata)
– controls breathing by detecting CO2 ( not O2).
– If blood is high in CO2, you breathe faster.
Assignments and Exercises
• Text Book• Read pages 172 to 176• Do Questions 7, 8 and 9 on page 195
• Workbook• Do pages 99, 100, 101 and 102
Blood and Lymph
Blood and lymph are two fluids that circulate though our bodies.
Each fluid has its own system of vessels to carry it from place to place.
BLOOD
Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets and Plasma
About Blood
45%
55%
• Blood is the only fluid tissue• It is red and viscous (thicker than water)• You have between 4 and 6 litres of blood
– Women have closer to four, men closer to 6• Blood is made of:
– Blood Plasma (the liquid part)– Formed elements (the more solid part) including:
• Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes or RBCs)• White blood White blood cells (Leucocytes or WBCs)• Platelets
Blood can be separated with a Centrifuge
• The centrifuge spins a test tube of blood around.
• The heavy parts (RBCs) move to the bottom of the tube
• The light parts (blood plasma) go to the top of the tube
• Medium density parts (WBCs and platelets) end up in the middle of the test tube
Purposes of blood parts• The blood plasma carries dissolved nutrients
and/or waste materials• White blood cells (AKA: WBCs or leucocytes )
help fight infections.• We will look at WBCs in more detail when we study the
lymphatic system.
• Platelets help our blood to clot, to seal leaks in our blood vessels and start tissue repair.
• Red blood cells (AKA: RBCs or erythrocytes) carry oxygen to all parts of the body
Blood Types
• Uses of blood typing– Properties of blood help with:
• Paternity suits• Forensic science• Health problems
More on Erythrocytes (R.B.C.s)• RBCs contain antigens
– Which determine your blood type
• 4 main blood types:– A, B, AB and O
– There is another Substance (Rhesus) which is present in some people (the Rh factor)
• 2 minor blood types:– If you have Rh factor it you are +– If you don’t you are –
– Example blood types: • Mr Taylor is B+• Mr MacKechnie is O-
Other people can be:AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B- and O+
Total of 8 blood groups
Substance A only Substance B only
Both Substances No Substances
Substances on the surface of blood cells
The 8 Standard Blood Groupsdo not copy this chart. I will show you a faster way later
Blood Type % Antigens Antibodies Can give blood to Can receive blood from
AB+ 3% A, B, Rh None AB+ anybody
AB– 1% A, B Rh AB+, AB– A–, AB–, B–, O–
A+ 34% A, Rh B AB+, A+ A+, A– O+, O–
A– 6% A B, Rh AB+, AB–, A+, A– A–, O–
B+ 8% B, Rh A AB+, B+ B+, B–, O+, O–
B– 1% B A, Rh AB+, AB–,B+, B– B–, O–
O+ 40% Rh A, B AB+, B+, A+, O+ O+, O–
O– 7% none A, B, Rh anybody O–
The most common blood type in
North America is O+
The rarest blood types in North America are
AB- and B-
Immune System of the Blood
• Your immune system tries to destroy invading cells.
• It does this by producing chemicals called antibodies
• Usually this is a good thing. Invading cells often make us sick
• BUT… It may cause problems if you ever need a blood transfusion.
• You might produce antibodies against the blood cells you receive in a transfusion!
• A Type A person has Substance A (the A-antigen) on their blood cells
• A Type A person can also produce an “Anti-B” chemical called the “B-Antibody” which will destroy any blood cell that has Substance B (the B-antigen) on it.
“Attack of the Antibodies”• Chemical warfare of blood:
– Type A people produce anti-B chemicals that can destroy B-type blood cells
• AKA: B antibodies– Type B’s produce anti-A chemicals
• AKA: A antibodies– AB’s have no attack chemicals
• AKA: no antibodies– O’s have both anti-chemicals.
• AKA: A and B antibodies
• Each blood type is also Rh+ or Rh- (positive or negative)– Same system as blood types
• Rn positive has no Rh antibodies• Rh negative produces Rh antibodies
Blood Transfusion Rules
– Recipients:– Type A welcomes type A and type O
blood– B’s welcome in B and O blood– AB’s welcome all blood types– O’s reject all blood except for their own
type.– Donors:
– A’s can donate to A and AB types– B’s can donate to B and AB– AB’s donate to AB only– O’s can donate to all
– Rh factors– Positive can only donate to other
positives.– Negative can donate to both.
• Copy diagrams
Additionally:Anyone can donate blood to, or receive
blood from their own type
Transfusions…
• Antibodies present in the recipient must not match the antigens (blood type) of the donor.– Clumping will occur.
• Antibodies attach to matching antigens
Click on top picture and scroll down to the “Blood typing” section and show the agglutination animation on the left.
Click on picture at right and play the “Blood Typing” game.
Assignments and Exercises
• Text Book:• Read pages 177 to 181• Do questions 10, 11, and 12 on pages 195 and 196
• Workbook:• Do pages 103, 104, 105 and 106
The Cardiovascular SystemA.K.A: Circulatory System
Topics•the heart
•Circulation•blood vessels •blood types
Your Heart• The size of your fist
– Mostly muscle– 4 hollow chambers
• 2 Atria (plural of Atrium)– upper chambers
• 2 Ventricles– lower chambers
– Pericardium• protective sac around the heart
– Septum• wall separating heart’s
chambers
Left and Right sides of the heart• Most diagrams of the
heart show the left and right sides reversed
• This is deliberate! You are viewing the heart from in front, so what you see on the left is actually the right side.
RightSide
LeftSide
Blood Flow Through the Heart
• Blood flow is one way– Atria accept blood and pump
it into (load) ventricles• Atria are weak pumps
– Ventricles pump the blood out of the heart.
• Ventricles are stronger pumps
– Valves prevent back flow of blood
• Keep it going one way.
CV
CV
Diastole
Systole
Circulation: 2 types
• Pulmonary circulation– From heart to lungs
• CO2 leaves blood, O2 enters blood.
• Systemic circulation– Oxygen rich blood is
pumped to the whole body• Oxygen poor/ CO2 rich blood
is returned
• 2 sets of muscles fibers– Atrial and
ventrical
• Sinoatrial node in right atrium controls pace of heart– Natural
pacemaker
Heart Beat
• The Cardiovascular system is a closed system from arteries to capillaries and back through veins
• Arteries– From heart to tissues– Carry oxygenated blood (rich in oxygen)
• Except pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.– Arteries are thick walled.
• Because blood is under high pressure
ArteryArtery
Blood vessels
• Capillaries– Between arteries and veins– Gas and nutrient exchange– Capillaries are the
Functional units of circulatory system
Blood vessels
CapillariesCapillaries
Blood cells pass single Blood cells pass single file through capillariesfile through capillaries
• Veins– Carry blood back to the heart.– Carry deoxygenated blood (lots of CO2)
• Except pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated.
– Thin walled• Not much pressure.• Valves in the veins keep blood from
flowing backwards.
VeinVein
Blood vessels
Body movements help push blood through the veins
• Measured with a sphygmomanometer– (great bonus question)
• Systolic pressure– force felt when ventricles
contract• Diastolic pressure
– force felt when ventricles relax• Average blood pressure is
140/90– Average tap pressure is 3000!
Blood Pressure
• Atherosclerosis–fat deposits in arteries–Root cause of most
disorders, high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes.
Circulatory System Disorders
Circulatory System Responses• Your circulatory system has to respond to different
stimuli:• Example 1. When you exercise
– Your body needs more oxygen & nutrients– Your heartbeat increases to speed circulation– Some blood vessels expand, other close up
• Blood is directed towards organs that need it the most (like your muscles and lungs)
• Your respiratory system is stimulated so you breathe faster.• Blood is directed away from organs that are not exercising
(like your brain and parts of your digestive system.)
• Example 2: When you are hot– Blood flow is directed towards the skin– Capillaries in the skin open up, allowing heat to be
transferred to the skin. When you are hot, your skin often looks pinker because of this.
• Example 3: When you are cold– Blood flow is directed towards vital organs to keep
them warm.– Capillaries in the skin close to reduce heat loss.
When you are cold, you skin often looks pale.
• Example 4: When you are nervous or afraid…– Your adrenal glands produce adrenalin, which
stimulates your circulatory system– Your heartbeat and blood pressure increase, so you are
ready to react.
• Example 5: When you are bleeding…– Platelets in you blood start producing a stringy protien.– This stringy substance traps blood cells forming a clot,
that plugs the broken blood vessels.– A large clot on the surface becomes a scab, that covers
the wound and speeds up healing
Assignments and Exercises
• Text book:• Read pages 182 to 186• Do questions 13, 14 and 15 on page 196
• Workbook:• Do pages 107, 108, 109 and 110
• A network of vessels that:1. Removes extracellular fluid
and returns it to the Cardiovascular system.
2. Absorbs fats and fat soluble vitamins from intestines
3. Is home to many immune cells, including White Blood Cells.
Lymphatic System
Extracellular fluid is a clear liquid
that surrounds our cells.
WBCs are actually made in the bone marrow, but
are stored in the lymphatic system.
• The lymphatic system “parallels” the cardiovascular system.
• Its set of vessels, called lymph ducts, are similar to veins and capillaries.
• It has nodes, small organs which filter lymph, and where WBCs fight infections.
Tonsils(large nodes)
Vein
Nodes(armpit)
Bone marrow
Nodes
Lymphducts
Lymphducts
Nodes
Thymus
Spleen
Intestines
Lymphatic system (cont)• Lymph
– The yellowish fluid of the lymphatic system– You have 1 or 2 litres of lymph in your body– Contains: lots of fat, fluid, proteins, immune
cells and wastes.
• Lymph nodes…– Filter lymph– Location of WBC activity.
White Blood Cells (WBCs / Leucocytes) and the Immune System
• 99.8% of our blood cells are Red Blood Cells that help carry oxygen.
• 0.2% are White Blood Cells (WBC) that fight infection.
• Although WBCs are found in the blood, they are more concentrated in the lymphatic system
• Most blood cells come from bone marrow.• WBCs “eat” invading bacteria and viruses
(phagocytosis)
• They can also kill infected cells by triggeringtheir “self destruct sequence”
(apoptosis)
• White blood cells (AKA leukocytes)
– Attack intruders– #s increase with infection in body– Several varieties– Contain nuclei– 1 WBC to 700 RBCs– Most live only a few days– Produced in white bone marrow
• White blood cells (AKA leukocytes)
– Attack intruders– #s increase with infection in body– Several varieties– Contain nuclei– 1 WBC to 700 RBCs– Most live only a few days– Produced in white bone marrow
White Blood Cells(Leucocytes)
Varieties of blood cells (FYI only)
Don’t Copy
RBCs WBCs Platelets
Platelets and Blood Clotting
• Platelets are Plasma proteins and cell fragments.
• Platelets make blood clot.– They stick to damaged blood
vessels– they release clotting factors
(coagulate blood)• Optional Information: • Calcium and vitamin K aid in creating
thrombin• Thrombin is an enzyme that converts
fibrinogen into sticky mass of fibrin (AKA a scab)
Assignments and Exercises
• Text book:• Read pages 187 to 190 (top)
• Workbook:• Do pages 111, 112, 113, 114
The Urinary System and the Elimination of Waste.
• Waste is eliminated in many ways in our body:• The digestive system excretes solid wastes that come from
our food.• The lungs eliminate CO2 and some other volatile wastes.
• The sweat glands help eliminate some dissolved wastes.
• But the most important system for eliminating dissolved or liquid wastes is the urinary system.
Excretion• Cells produce excess salt, CO2 and urea
– Skin excretes salt, water and a little urea– Lungs excrete CO2
– But it’s the Kidneys that filter out urea and other toxins
Dirty Blood In Clean Blood OutUrine
Water,urea,other
wastes, excess salt &
minerals
from Renal Artery through Renal Vein
through ureter to bladder
The Kidneys
• Kidneys are blood filters– Renal artery enters kidney– Cleaned blood leaves through renal vein– The toxins leave the kidneys through the ureter to the
urinary bladder
Renal A
rtery
Renal V
ein Ureter
Kidney
EnrichmentHow the Kidneys Work
• This section contains advanced material about how kidneys filter urea from our blood. If you aren’t interested in this, you can skip to:
• control of kidney function
Kidney Structure• Shown cut in ½, the outer part is the
renal cortex, inner is the renal medulla• Functional unit of the kidney is the
nephron– filters out toxins and nutrients then
reabsorbs only nutrients
The Nephron/Filtration• Steps:1st Artery, 2nd Bowman’s capsule,
3rd the loop of Henle and 4th Blood leaves Vein/Urine goes to bladder.
Nephrons are tiny, almost microscopic!
1. Artery carries blood to… 2. Bowman’s capsule
through the glomerulus.• Pressurized capillaries
remove or filter sugars, salts urea etc.
3. Collecting tube then passes filtrate on to the Loop of Henle.
• Amino acids, glucose and 99% of water is reabsorbed into the blood by capillaries.
4. Blood and waste separatea. Concentrated urine and
salts are then secreted through ureter
b. Blood leaves thru vein
1
2
3
a
b
4
Control of Kidney Function
• Controlled by composition of blood so… it’s important in Homeostasis of blood
– Maintains salt concentration, and pH
• Can you mess with your kidneys?– Coffee and alcohol are diuretics….
• They make your kidneys work harder.
– Diabetes and Heart Disease• Make your kidneys more susceptible.
– Excess Medications• Many medications contain toxic substances.• Too much medicine might hurt your kidneys.
Homeostasis means keeping everything in
balance.
Mechanized Homeostasis• Dialysis is what you need if your kidneys fail:
– blood is removed pumped through “hemodialyzer” filters (artificial kidneys) and replaced.
Summary Notes
• When we oxidize proteins, our cells produce a waste material called urea.
• We must excrete this excess urea, or it will become toxic.
• Our kidneys filter the urea from our blood, and excrete it as urine.
• If your kidneys fail, you might need dialysis
Assignments and Exercises
• Text Book: Read pages 190 to 193• Workbook: Do pages 115 to 116
Pathways of Nutrition
Air(oxygen)
DigestiveSystem
RespiratorySystem
CardiovascularSystem
Cells(Mitochondia)
UrinarySystem
O2 Nu
Nu
O 2
CO2 Ur RespiratorySystem
CO2
Ur
In
Food In Out
Out
Lymph
End of Chapter 6
• Pre-test Review• Re-read Chapter 6 (pp.159 to 193)
• If you have read this before, you can just skim this time, looking for the highlights. If you haven’t read this before, read it carefully!
• Workbook pages 117 to 120
• End of Chapter. Pre-test Review• Re-read Chapter 6 (pp.159 to 193)
• If you have read this before, you can just skim this time, looking for the highlights. If you haven’t read this before, read it carefully!
• Workbook pages 117 to 120• This reviews the whole chapter, from nutrition to
excretion, including:– Digestive system & nutrition– Cardiovascular System & blood– Respiratory system– Lymphatic System & lymph & immune cells– Urinary System & urine
Answers to Workbook page 117
• 1. a) cardiovascular system, b) lymphatic system, c) digestive system, d) respiratory system, e) urinary system
• 2. – Oxygen •– Cellular waste • from blood to cells– Carbon dioxide • from cells to
blood– Nutrients •
• 3– A) Respiratory, urinary, digestive system, skin(must give 2 of4) – B) Digestive system– C) Cardiovascular system (also accept circulatory system)– D) Lymphatic system (also accept immune system)
• 4.
Answers to Workbook page 118
Element Found in Blood Found in lymph
White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells Water Cell Waste Nutrients Platelets
Organs System
Lungs Respiratory SystemStomach Digestive SystemBladder Urinary SystemHeart Cardiovascular SystemVeins Cardiovascular SystemPancreas Digestive SystemKidneys Urinary SystemLymph nodes Lymphatic SystemPharynx Digestive and Respiratory Systems
Answers to Workbook page 118
• 6.
• 7. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, blood, extracellular liquid, cell• 8 a) it’s better to drink 3.25% whole milk (skim milk or 1% milk)
– b) We should eat at least two servings of fish every month . (week)– c) It is better to eat whole fruits and vegetables than juices . – d) You should always salt your food . (seldom)– e) food prepared with fats should be avoided – f) we should eat at least one green and one orange vegetable every day Although not required, I have shown why some answers are incorrect.
Substance Input System responsible for its introduction
Output System responsible for its elimination
Amino Acids Digestive
Oxygen Respiratory
Carbon dioxide Respiratory
Urine Urinary
Glucose Digestive
Answers to Workbook page 119
• 9. The function of oxygen is to produce energy by oxidizing nutrients from our food in the mitochondria of our cells. (The exact wording may vary, but it should have something to do with getting energy.)
• 10. Our body needs energy during physical exercise. When our cells produce energy they also release carbon dioxide. The concentration of this gas increases in our body. Be must therefore increase our respiratory rhythm to expel it.
Answers to Workbook page 119
• 11 a. The blue arrow represents the air passageb. The red arrow represents food passage.c.
d. #2 (the pharynx)e. the epiglottis (#4) closes the trachea when we swallow.
• 12 a. The esophagus is behind the tracheab. The trachea has cartilaginous ringsc. The trachea must be kept open so that we can breathe.
Answers to Workbook page 120
Number Structure number Structure
1 Nasal passages 4 Epiglottis2 Pharynx 5 Esophagus3 Larynx