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Chapter 6 – Rome and Early Christianity
Chapter 6 – Rome and Early Christianity
Section 1 – The Foundations of Rome
A she-wolf suckles Romulus and Remus, founders of Rome
Reading Focus
• Where and how did Roman civilization develop?
• What led to Rome’s becoming a republic?
• What were the major events in Rome’s expansion?
Main Idea
From a small town on the banks of an Italian river, Rome grew to control the entire Mediterranean
region.
Section 1 – The Foundations of Rome
I. Roman Civilization Develops
The Seven Hills of Rome
A. Italy’s Geography
Italian Peninsula – situated in center of Med Sea. Rich soil, mild climate; Protected by mountains and sea
B. The Founding of Rome
1000s BC - Latins settled along Tiber River
753 BC - united to form Rome; prospered through trade
C. The Etruscans700s B.C. – Etruscans from northern Italy ruledRome
509 BC – Romans overthrew the Etruscans, established a republic
Tarquin the Proud was the last king of Rome. The story of the Rape of Lucretia was a popular tale which explained the downfall of Tarquin and Etruscans. Overcome with desire, Tarquin's son, Sextus, raped Lucretia. She told her husband what had happened and urged him to avenge her. She then took her own life, sparking a rebellion that brought about the end of Etruscan rule and the beginning of the Roman Republic.
II. Rome Becomes a Republic
Tarquin and Lucretia by Titian (1571)
A. Patricians and Plebeians
Patricians - aristocrats who controlled societyPlebeians - common people
A. Patricians and Plebeians
494 BC - Invaders threatened, plebeians refused to fight; Patricians forced to expand plebeian rights
The Plebian struggle to win more rights became known as the “Conflict of the Orders”
A. Patricians and Plebeians
New Plebeian rights:- elect officials (tribunes)- right to veto laws- Law of the Twelve Tables
The Twelve Tables on
display in the Roman Forum
B. Republican Government
Romans created an unwritten constitution and a three-part government
1. Senate300 members, advised officials, controlled finances, handled foreign relations
2. Assemblies
Citizens who voted on laws and elected officials
3. MagistratesIncluded consuls, censors, and praetors
Consuls PraetorCensor
a. Consuls
Elected for one year: chief executives and army commanders
b. Censors
Recorded people’s wealth and residence; filled Senate vacancies
c. Praetors
Judges and acting consuls; became military commanders or governors after term ended
B. Republican Government
System of checks and balances prevented any part from becoming too powerful
C. Life in the Republic
The Forum was Rome’s political center; also shopping and social center
C. Life in the Republic
Forum was between Palatine (where wealthy lived) and Capitoline hills (had grandest temples)
C. Life in the Republic
Proud of agrarian roots; farming and landownership noblest ways to make money
C. Life in the RepublicLegend of Cincinnatus – called from farm, made dictator, saved Rome, and returned to his fields
III. The Republic Expands
As population grew, Rome fought wars to expand territory
A. Military MightAll land-owning male citizens aged 17 to 46 required to serve in army during times of war
A. Military Might
Army was a disciplined, well-trained force, organized into legions
Roman Legion: 4500 to 6000 men
A. Military MightBackbone of legion were the centurions, officers who commanded 100 men
B. The Conquest of ItalyBy mid-200s BC, Rome controlled all theItalian Peninsula south of the Rubicon
B. The Conquest of ItalyRome aided allies in Sicily, causing conflictwith Carthage
C. The Punic WarsStruggle for dominance resulted in three conflicts lasting 80 years – the Punic Wars
C. The Punic WarsFirst Punic War began in 264 BC; lasted 23 years
C. The Punic Wars
Rome built a navy, used land warfare tactics at sea – rammed and boarded Carthaginian ships
C. The Punic WarsAfter 23 years, Carthage sued for peace; were forced to pay reparations and give up Sicily
C. The Punic Wars218 BC - Second Punic War began; Hannibal assembled an army of infantry,cavalry, and elephants
C. The Punic WarsMarched across Alps into Italy; spent 15 years raiding Italian countryside
C. The Punic WarsRome invaded Africa and threatened Carthage; Hannibal ordered home to defend the city
C. The Punic Wars202 BC - Scipio defeated Hannibal at the battleof Zama; Carthage lost its power
Victory of the Roman Scipio Africanus over the Carthaginian Hannibal. It was the
last and decisive battle of the Second Punic War
Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus
(236 - 184 BC)
C. The Punic Wars149 -146 BC: Third Punic War - Rome declared war against, besieged, and then destroyed Carthage
"The Sack of Carthage"
D. The Conquest of GreeceMacedonia, Persia, and Egypt fought constantly; Greeks became Rome’s ally
D. The Conquest of GreeceMacedonia, Persia defeated, made Roman provinces; Romans then annexed Greece
Rome added Spain, Carthage, Macedonia and Greece, after the Punic and Macedonian Wars
D. The Conquest of GreeceRomans adopted elements of Greek culture, especially art, architecture, and religion
Discus Thrower (Discobolus), Roman copy of Greek bronze by Myron
(c. 485 - 425 BC)
D. The Conquest of GreeceBy 133 BC, Rome was the supreme power inthe Mediterranean world
D. The Conquest of GreeceConquered peoples became subjects of Rome,not citizens or allies