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Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238, , 242-243, 246-247,259-260

Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

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Page 1: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

Chapter 6 Cognitive development

pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

Page 2: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

一、什麼是認知 (cognition) ? 認知發展 (cognitive development)?

知道 (knowing) 之心智內在歷程與結果 (inner processes and products of mind) ,包括注意、記憶、象徵、分類、計畫、推理、問題解決等等

認知發展 (cognitive development)

Page 3: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

二、 探討認知發展的取向 1. 皮亞傑:認知發展理論 Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory2. Vygotsky :社會文化觀點 Vygotsky’s sociocultrual viewpoint3. 訊息處理系統 Information-processing perspectives4. 心理計量觀點 Psychometric viewpoints

Page 4: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

三、皮亞傑:認知發展理論(一)時期論 (stage theory)1. 認知結構的改變 (structural whole)2. 順序是固定的3. 世界一同

Page 5: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

(二)重要概念1. 基模 (scheme) 特定的心理結構,即有組織的方法以使經驗成為有

意義(1) 感覺動作基模 (sensorimotor scheme): dropping

scheme(2) 心智表徵 (mental representation): 心智所能處理之訊息的內在描述 Images : mental pictures of objects, people, s

pace Concepts: categories in which similar objects or

events are grouped together

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Sensorimotor scheme Symbolic scheme Operational scheme

Page 7: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

2. 發展的機轉(1) 適應 (adaptation) 經由直接與環境的互動而建立基模 同化 (assimilation) 使用現有的基模去解釋新的刺激 調節 (accommodation) 創造新基模或改變舊基模去解釋新的刺激(2) 組織 (organization) 將一些基模加以重組而成為互有關聯、更複雜的基

模或認知系統

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3. 認知平衡 (cognitive equilibration) 與不平衡 認知平衡 認知狀態處於穩定和舒服的情況

Page 9: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

(三)發展時期 感覺動作期 (sensorimotor stage, 0-2yr) 前運思期 (preoperation stage, 2-6,7yr) 具體運思期 (concrete operational stage, 6,

7-11,12yr) 形式運思期 (formal operational stage, 11,

12yr-)

Page 10: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

1. 感覺動作期 (sensorimotor stage, 0-2yr)

(1) 兩個重要發展: 物體永久性 (object permanence) 、 模仿 (imitation)(2)6 個次時期 ( substages ) p.222,223,224 循環反應 (circular reaction) A-not-B search error (3) 評論: 物體永久性 the violation-of-expectation method Bailargeon (2004) p.226

Page 11: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

2. 前運思期 (the preoperation stage, 2-6,7yr)

(1)Representational insight(2) 前概念期 (The preconceptual period,2-4 yr) a. Emerging of symbolic thought b. dual representation

Page 12: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

Dual representation Piaget: symbolic thought DeLoache: preschooler’s abilities to use scale mo

dels & pictures as symbolSs:2 ½, 3yrTask: find a toy hidden in a roomSteps: Show a scale model of the room, a mini-toy behind

a chair in the model Retrieval 1: find the toy in the real room Retrieval 2: find the mini-toy in the model

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Result 3yr:retrieval 1:75%, retrieval 2:90% 2 ½ yr: :15%, :80% Can’t use the model as symbolShow a photo of a real room 2 ½ yr can find 2 ½ yr lack of dual representation: The ability to think about an object in two

different setting

Page 14: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

c. Deficits in preconceptual reasoning 萬物有靈論( Animism ) 自我中心( Egocentrism ) p.236

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(3) 直覺時期 (The intuitive period,4-7yr) 未具有保留概念 / 集中一面( Incapable of co

nservation/centration ) p.237 整體性 (identity) 互補性 (compensation) 可逆性 (reversibility)

Page 16: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

分類能力2-5 ½ 歲 群聚之間並不互斥,群聚內的項目也不一定具有共同

的屬性5 ½-7 歲 根據相似性分類,會根據不同的標準形成幾個小類,

但會留下一堆未能納入任何一類的 根據相似性分類,會根據不同的標準形成幾個小類,

但不再會留下未能歸類的 每一個項目都能納入且只納入根據一致標準劃分的某

一類

Page 17: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

7 歲 - 階層分類 (hierarchical classification) 先根據形狀,同一形狀下在一不同顏色 階層集合包含( Class inclusion ) (p.238)

Page 18: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

(1) 保留概念( Conservation ) (2) 關係邏輯( Relational logic ) 心智序列(Mental seriation ) 轉移( Transitivity ) (3) 評論 水平差距( Horizontal decalage ) 與 structural whole

3. 具體運思期 ( The concrete operational stage,7-11 yr )

Page 19: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

(1) 假設—演繹推理( Hypothetic-deductive reasoning )(2) 評論 解決問題或發現問題 相對思考發展

4. 形式運思期(The formal-operational stage,11-12 yr)

Page 20: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

四 . Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspective

(一)四個相關的分析層次(Four interrelated levels of analysis)#個體發展( Ontogenetic development )#極小發展( Microgenetic development : changes that occur over relatively brief periods of time )#物種發展( Phylogenetic development )#社會歷史發展( Sociohistoricaldevelopment )

Page 21: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

(二)重要概念(1) 智能適應的工具( Tools of intellectual adaptation ) elementary mental function 透過社會文化的轉換,包括: (1) how to think :傳遞 Tools of intellectual adaptation (在和他人互動中,內 化思考的方法和解決問題的策略) (2) what to think: 傳遞社會文化中的信念和價值

higher mental function

Page 22: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

(2) 最佳發展區( The zone of proximal development ) (ZPD)

個體可獨力完成 task 這個範圍即是學習發生之所在 促進認知發展的社會互動之特徵: intersubjectivity scaffolding guided participation task太困難而無法獨力完成,但可藉由成人或熟練 的同儕之協助而完成

Page 23: Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,, 242-243, 246-247,259-260

鷹架( Scaffolding )在教導的情境中,依據孩子現有的表現水準,來調整

所提供的支持與協助(在學習情境中,專家對於新手的學習予以指導或反應,而新手藉此慢慢的增加對問題的瞭解)

指導參與( Guided participation )孩子參與文化活動,而文化活動中有技巧較熟練的大人,透過參與、觀察大人而學習

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(3) 語言的角色

Piaget: egocentric speech to social speech Vygotsky: private speech to inner speech