Chapter 6Chemical Bonding

IntroductionChemical Bonding - mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that bind atoms together.

- Why bond? Stability! Decreased potential energy.

Two types:Ionic Bonding- the electrical attraction between cations and anions.- involves the transfer of electrons.Covalent Bonding- the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.- nonmetals and nonmetals or nonmetals and metalloids

Chemical Bond

Types of Bonds- The difference in electronegativity can be used to determine the type of bond.

Ionic bonds- difference is >1.7 or 50%

Covalent bonds Two Types:

Nonpolar (equal sharing of electrons)- 0 – 0.3 or <5%

Polar (unequal sharing of electrons)- 0.3 -1.7 or 5 – 50%

Using Electronegativity Difference to Classify Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Covalent Bonding

What type of Bond?

Na – Cl Mg – O H – H C – H0.9 3.0

2.1

2.1 2.11.2 3.5 2.5 2.1

0.02.3 0.4

Ionic Ionic Covalentnonpolar

Covalentpolar

H - Cl

δ+ δ-

This tells us the direction thatelectrons are attracted.

The Octet Rule

Exceptions: - Boron: 6 electrons and Hydrogen: 2 electrons

When a chemical compound is formed, each atom will have an octet (8) of electrons in its highest energy level.Achieved by gaining, losing or sharing electrons.

Electron Dot NotationShows the valence electrons of an element.

Indicated by using dots around the symbol of the element.

Rules for writing Lewis Structures: 1. Find the total number of valence electrons. 2. Arrange symbols to show how elements are bonded.

- Carbon is central when present- Least electronegative atom is central.- Exception is hydrogen which can never be central!

3. Arrange electrons to form stable octets. 4. Compare number of electrons used to number from step 1. 5. Change dots to dashes to indicate shared pairs of electrons.

Show the arrangement of electrons among atoms in a molecule.

Lewis Structures

Shows the bonding (sharing of electrons) of atoms in a molecule without illustrating unshared pairs of electrons.

Structural Formula

Resonance Structures

Bonding in ions or molecules that cannot be correctly represented by a single Lewis structure.

Ionic Compounds

- (+) and (-) ions that are combined so charges are equal and opposite.- Most exist as crystalline solids.- Chemical formula is the simplest ratio of ions present in a compound.- Formula unit is the simplest collection of atoms from which an ionic compound’s formula can be derived.

Examples: Na+ and Cl-

Ca2+ and F1-

Characteristics of Ionic Compounds

Crystal Lattice- orderly arrangement of ions.- designed to minimize potential energy.

Characteristics of Ion Bonding in a Crystal Lattice

Characteristics of Ionic CompoundsLattice Energy - Energy released (-) when ions bond to form a lattice structure. - The more negative the number, the higher the lattice energy.

Comparing Ionic and Molecular Compounds

Comparing Ionic and Molecular Compounds

Polyatomic ions

- a group of atoms that are covalently bonded that carry a charge.- Function as a unit, usually do not break apart during chemical reactions.

Molecular Geometry

VSEPR theory- valence shell electron pair repulsion

Repulsion between sets of valence electrons surrounding an atom causes these sets to be oriented as far apart as possible.

Linear molecules

Electrons want to orient as far apart as possible.

How is the shape of a molecule determined?

Draw the Lewis structure.

VSEPR and Lone Electron Pairs

Hybridization- Mixture of two or more atomic orbitals of similar energies on the same atom to produce new orbitals of equal energy.- The result is a hybrid orbital.

sp hybrid orbital -- s and psp2 hybrid orbital -- s and p, psp3 hybrid orbital -- s and p, p, p

Geometry of Hybrid Orbitals

Hybrid Orbitals

Intermolecular Forces-Forces of attraction between molecules.

- Molecular polarity and dipole-dipole forces -dipole – created by opposite charges that are

separated by a short distance.

H - Cl

δ+ δ-

- dipole-dipole force - - forces of attraction between polar molecules. - short range forces between nearby molecules.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Intermolecular Forces continued- Hydrogen Bonding -

- hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared

pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule.

- specific type of dipole-dipole force.

- London dispersion forces -- intermolecular attraction from the constant motion of electrons and the creation of instantaneous dipoles.- ONLY forces acting among NOBLE GASES and nonpolar molecules.

London Dispersion Force