CHAPTER 6

Pages 70-75

Subtopics :

Tropical Rainforest

Cold temperature Rainforest

THINK TANK!

� Name various landforms.

Forest Grassland

DesertScrub

NATURAL VEGETATION� It consist of plants planted naturally not by people.

� Each natural vegetation has its own varieties of plants.

� The type of plants grown are mainly dependent on the amount of rainfall and particular temperature of a place.

TYPES OF NATURAL VEGETATION

around the world3 MAIN TYPES:

� FOREST

� GRASSLAND

� DESERT and SEMI DESERT VEGETATION

1- Hot temperature rainforest

2- Cold temperature coniferous forest

LOCATION:

North and South of the equator

THINK TANK!� We have already studied about the rainforest.

� List few features!!

Features: � High temperature

� Heavy rainfall

� Trees grow tall and close together . This is known as DENSE VEGETATION.

� Evergreen plants

� Different plant shed their leaves once a year at different times.

� The plants near the ground do not receive much sunlight so they is lots of undergrowth plants near the ground.

Tropical Rainforest

Features of rainforest vegetation

Top layer : CANOPY

CREEPERS(climb up in search of light) : example

: Lianas

TREES that fill the space in between example:

rattans

PLANTS that grow out of the trunk example:

epiphytes

HUGE TREES have buttress roots

Plants found in the tropical

rainforest � Mahogany

� Bamboo

� Rosewood

AMAZING FACT:

Bamboos grown up to 90cm a day.

It is one of the world fastest growing

plant.

BAMBOO

Animal species in TROPICAL

RAINFOREST� Deadly snake

� Giant centipedes

� Frogs

� Toucans

� Jaguars

� Sloths

� Butterflies

HAVE U HEARD?� BRAZIL has over 50,000 species of plants.

In 2007,

� 24 different species of animals were discovered.

� From AMAZON RIVER that passes by, scientists found:

� 6 new species of fish

� 12 new species of beetles

� 5 new species of frogs

Newly discovered BLACK FROG

Yanomami

a tribe living in AMAZON

RAINFOREST� Cook spiders over fire, put it in hot water to remove

hair and eat its soft parts.

� SPIDER OMELETTE : They squeeze spiders eggs on the leaves and cook them over fire.

YANOMAMI

BUTTRESS ROOTS

COLD TEMERATURE

CONIFEROUS FORESTLOCATION:

� North of equator

Features � Consist of conifer trees such as SPRUCE, FIR and

PINE.

� Usually one type of conifer trees grow in one area.

� Temperature is below 0 degree for six months of the year.

� Trees make sufficient growth in short cool summer.

CONIFER TREES� SPRUCE

� FIR

� PINE

PINEFIR

SPRUCE

Features of Conifer trees� They have thick bark and evergreen.

� They have needles instead of leaves.

� They don’t make new leaves, they start their growth when melting ice provides moisture.

� Short and flexible branches.

� Branches can hold the weight of snow and don’t break.

� The fallen needles cover the ground. So, there is little undergrowth.

AFL – UMPIRE TECHNIQUE� Define natural vegetation

� Name 3 main types of natural vegetation.

� List a difference between tropical rainforest and coniferous forest.

� Where is tropical rainforest situated?

� Name any one type of conifer tree.

� List one function of buttress tree

� How long bamboo trees grow in a day?

� What is one special dish of Yanomami tribe?

WEEK 2� PAGES 76 TO 81

� SUBTOPICS:

� TROPICAL GRASSLAND

� DESERT VEGETATION (Cold & Hot)

� Natural Vegetation of Pakistan

WHAT IS A NATURAL VEGETATION?

�Vegetation grown naturally without human interference.

TYPES OF NATURAL VEGETATION

FOREST TROPICAL

RAINFOREST COLD TEMPERATE

CONIFEROUS FOREST

DESERT

GRASSLAND

SEMI-DESERT

COLD-DESERT(TUNDRA)

HOT DESERT

Have you ever thought how the

world would be without

vegetation?

�BE THANKFUL

Tropical grassland

Features � Mostly the area is covered with grass.

� Fewer trees

� Near semi-desert area, grasses are short where as near tropical grassland the grass grow taller.

� During the dry season it is quite hot and grasses wither – ‘turn yellow and brown’

They die, but the roots remain alive

WHAT DOES THIS INDICATE?? Think!!!

SEMI DESERT VEGETATIONWhen the grass does not grow well and there are fewer

tress, the grassland turns into semi desert vegetation.

ELEPHANT GRASS

grows up to 3 m tall

Acacia TREEFeatures :

It survives in dry temperature

� small leaves and thick bark prevent the loss of moisture.

BAOBAB TREEFeatures:

Survives in dry season – it stores water in its spongy trunk

DEDICIOUS TREES� THEY LOSE LEAVES IN DRY SEASON

DESERT VEGETATION� HOT DESERT VEGETATION

� COLD DESERT VEGETATION

HOT DESERT VEGETATION� THINK TANK!

A- weather in the hot desert

B- amount of rainfall

C- after rain effects

D- types of plants

Some desert are sandy and some are stony. They are different varieties of plants. Some plants die soon.

CACTUS� FEATURES:

It stores water

Roots are spread near

the ground.

Spikes instead of leaves

to prevent the loss of moisture

Examples : saguaro cactus

(SW of N. America) –

prickly pear

COLD (tundra)DESERT VEGETATION� FEATURES:

Temperature below zero degree for nine months.

In the season, even when the temperature is above 0 degrees, the soil thaws but the ground remains frozen. This doesn’t allow water to drain or heat to evaporate.

Features � The TUNDRA vegetation can survive under snow.

� Examples: mosses , lichens ‘They are small plants close to ground.

� Seeds produce flower in few weeks of warm weather.

Mosses lichens

During snow

TUNDRA VEGETATION

NATURAL VEGETATION IN PAKISTAN�

� SINDH AND PUNJAB

Scrub or Semi-desert vegetation . Farmers have removed natural vegetation to use the land for farming. WHY ???

This vegetation still grows in the area outside the INDUS PLAIN.

Who do you think lives in these scrubs??

Scrub vegetation to desert

vegetation � WEST – KHARAN DESERT

� EAST – THAR

- CHOLISTAN DESERT

� SOME AREA OF THAR DESERT HAS CHANGED INTO FARMLAND BY IIRIGATION ------ “ CULTIVATED VEGETATION’

FOREST : Coniferous, riverine,

mangroves

TREES ‘MANGROVES’� COASTAL AREA OF SINDH ----

FOREST � NORTH EAST OF QUETTA: JUNIPER FOREST

Coniferous forestKPK

AFL – UMPIRE TECHNIQUE � Describe any feature tropical grassland.

� Why do nomadic herders keep moving?

� Name the grass that grows up to 3 m tall.

� What helps cactus to survive in a dry place?

� Name two types of desert vegetation.

� What feature makes plants survive in desert?

� What place does saguaro cactus belong to?

� Which one of these two survives in tundra vegetation.

LICHENS or PRICKLY PEAR

� Which areas of Pakistan have been changed to farmlands? Why?

WEEK 3� Sub topics:

� The uses of natural vegetation

� The destruction of natural vegetation

� Importance of conservation of natural vgetation

Uses of natural vegetation

�TIMBER� HARD WOOD – usually the trees of

tropical rainforest

Can you think of uses of hard wood?

Boat – buildings- wood houses-furniture

� SOFT WOOD- coniferous trees

� Can you think of uses of soft wood?

� Paper – also for construction

�Grazing

�Habitats of animals

�Promotes Tourism (e.g visiting beautiful sights – safari)

RAINFOREST IN SABAH-

EAST MALAYSIA

GRASSLAND IN TANZANIA

EAST AFRICA

CONIFEROUS FOREST

CANADA-NORTH AMERICA

DESTRUCTION OF NATURAL

VEGETATION

� Example:

� Plantation in Malaysia, Srilanka

� Tribes who live in forest

� Logging companies

Think of some reasons why

vegetation in destroyed?

� Increase in population

People need place to live, firewood, goods, food

� How do you think nomadic herders destroy vegetation?

� OVERGRAZING

ARABIAN PENINSULA

IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL

VEGETATION � RAINFALL

� PLANTS GROW

� ROOTS HELP SOIL TO STAY AT ONE PLACE

� PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE

� MOISTURE EVAPORATES FROM THE LEAVES-Transpiration. WATER VAPOURS HELP TO PRODUCE RAIN.

� PLANTS BREAKS THE FORCE OF WATER AND PROTECT THE SOIL.

� PLANTS PRODUCES OXYGEN

� WHEN LEAVES FALL-IT DECOMPOSES-FERTILE SOIL

OVER GRAZING IN ARABIAN

PENINSULA� 90% of Arabian peninsula is affected by overgrazing.� Animals graze the plants down to the roots and it can’t re-

grow.� BEUDIN controlled over grazing by keeping limited

animals.� Saudi Arabia is the largest country of Arabian Peninsula. To

increase meat production herders keep more animal which is causing OVER GRAZING

� Some people keep herds. Herders are hired from Somalia, Sudan and India. So the problem is increasing.

� In a conference in DOHA it was recommended that only Beduin can make their animal graze freely.

SAND DUNES� When wind keeps blowing from same direction, the

shape of sand dunes change

WEEK 4� RESULT OF THE DESTRUCTION OF NATURAL

VEGETATION

DO YOU KNOW� 63% of rainforest in South Asia has been cut down.

Problems caused by destruction� Soil erosion

Over grazing-When vegetation destroys, moisture evaporates and soil erosion takes place.

When vegetation is removed the soil dries up and blow off . If there is heavy rainfall, soil washes away.

DESERTIFICATION

When soil erodes, the place may turn into desert

Lack of sufficient water � Overgrazing is JUNIPER FOREST –

ZIARAT(Balochistan) has caused the grasses and shrubs between the trees to die. This ground does not absorb much rainfall and water passes quickly from the bare soil . This is causing the old trees to die out. It is also reducing the berries grown on these trees which is eaten by thrush.

Forest � Wood is cut for using it to light fire.

� Wood is cut to make spaces for vegetation , dams, reservoirs

� In bare soil water runs quickly and river gets filled up. This causes flooding

Habitats are destroyed

Endangered species in PAKISTAN

� Ibex

� Leopards

� Falcon

� bustards

� 20 species of birds

� 5 species of reptiles

EXTINCT ANIMALS� BLACK BUCK

� a few are in LAL SOHANRA NATIONAL PARK in BAHAWALPUR .

ENDANGERED ANIMALS � ORANG UTANS

Great apes of Asia

Fewer than 30,000

Experts believe that they will extinct in 2025

Give birth in 8 year interval

Found in tropical rainforest in Sumatra and BORNEA

In East Malaysia, there number has dropped by 50%. This is caused by deforestation of oil palm plantation.

It is offence to capture them . They are encouraged to be left in forest than to be treated badly by people.

They are taught to swing .

Orangutans

FOREST FIRE in Sumatra and

Borneo� Caused breathing problems

� Lung and heart problems

� The smoke reduces visibility

of roads and causes delay

in transport.

� THIS IS CAUSED BY LESS RAINFALL and DRYNESS.

� BUT, IF THE IS MORE RAINFALL, FOREST FIRES DON’T OCCUR MUCH