CHAPTER 6 The Renaissance and Reformation

Section 1: The Italian Renaissance

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

Renaissance means rebirth

ITALIAN BACKGROUND Major city centers

Venice: Republic ruled by oligarchy, Byzantine origins

Milan: Visconti and Sforza families

Florence (Tuscany): Republic ruled by the Medici

Papal States: Ruled by the Pope

Kingdom of Naples: King of Aragon

ITALY- THE CRADLE OF THE RENAISSANCE

The Renaissance first developed in Italy in the 14th century. ( 1350 AD)

Long distance trade in the Mediterranean had continued after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.

Urban life had remained strong in Italy.

Memories of the Roman Empire were everywhere to be seen.

GEOGRAPHY Italy suffered the least from the collapse

because of its position extending into the Mediterranean.

Italy was a natural point of contact betweenEurope and the Byzantine Empire. (Eastern Roman Empire)

The Crusades poured much wealth into Italy.

Carrying trade provided huge profits to such maritime states as Venice and Pisa.

PEOPLE OF ITALY Often at war with each other, the

states of Italy shared many elements.

Italians mostly spoke dialects of the same language.

Italians saw themselves as the natural heirs of the Roman Empire.

All were members of the Roman Church

HUMANITIES• Interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture

• Characteristics of good education• Scholastic education gave way to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek

• Humanists emphasized individual accomplishment

PETRARCH Petrarch is often called the “Father of

Humanism”

During his travels, he collected crumbling Latin manuscripts and was a prime mover in the recovery of knowledge from writers of Rome and Greece.

Focus on the individual and his dignity

RENAISSANCE POLITICS

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)-- “The Prince”

The goal of the prince must be power

Cynical view of human nature

Fear is a better motivator than affection

Politics as the art of deception

PATRONS OF THE ARTS

• Renaissance artists worked for whoever offered them highest price

• Buyers of art, (patrons), might be wealthy individuals, city governments, or church

COMPETITION AMONG PATRONS

Wealthy individuals competed with each other, displaying wealth through purchase of artworks,

RENAISSANCE ART What was different?

Realism Perspective - the way in which objects

appear to the eye Classical (pagan) themes Geometrical arrangement of figures Light and shadowing Softening of edges Backgrounds Artist able to live from commissions

RENAISSANCE MAN Broad knowledge about many things in

different fields

Deep knowledge of skill in one area

Able to link areas and create new knowledge

The Four Turtles

LEONARDO DA VINCI

Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)

True Renaissance Man

Scientist, inventor, engineer and naturalist

Dissected Corpses

Short attention span

Leonardo da VinciVirgin of the Rocksca. 1485oil on wood6 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 7 in.

MONA LISA

MICHELANGELO

Michelangelo (1475 – 1564)

Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Incredible energy and endurance

PIETA’

DAVID

DAVID

Sistine Chapel

SISTINE CHAPEL

SISTINE CHAPEL

MOSES Received funding

from Pope Leo X The Moses

RAPHAEL

Raphael (1483-1520)

Man of great sensitivity and kindness

Died at the age of 37

“The School of Athens”

RAPHAEL

SCHOOL OF ATHENS

MADONNA OF THE MEADOW

DONATELLO Donatello - 1386 – 1466 His most famous work is the free-standing, sensual, bronze sculpture, David

DONATELLODavidSaint George Mary Magdalene

DonatelloDavidca. 1428-1432bronze5 ft. 2 1/4 in. high