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8/8/2019 Chapter 5 Powerpoint from Energy for Sustainability
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8/8/2019 Chapter 5 Powerpoint from Energy for Sustainability
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Life Cycle Assessment Sustainability Analysis: energy, economic,
environmental Cradle-to-Grave
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Life Cycle Assessment:
sometimes counter-intuitive
Energy
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Waste
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Life-cycle Assessment
Energy Analysis
Economic Cost-effectiveness
Environmental Assessment
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Energy Analysis
Various metrics
Efficiency ()
Energy return on investment (EROI)
Energy payback time (EPT)
Fossil fuel ratio (FFR)
Petroleum input ratio (PIR)
Net energy value (NEV)
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Energy Balance
Eo = energy output (e.g., useful energy)
Ed = direct energy input (e.g., fuel) Ei = indirect energy input
Eic = indirect energy continuous (e.g., energy to produce fuel)
Eiot = indirect energy one-time (e.g., energy to make device)
ts = system life (used to convertE
iot to annual energyE
iot/ts)
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Energy Analysis Metrics
Eo = energy output (e.g., useful energy)
Ed = direct energy input (e.g., fuel) Ei = indirect energy input
Eic = indirect energy continuous (e.g., energy to produce fuel)
Eiot = indirect energy one-time (e.g., energy to make device)
ts = system life (used to convertE
iot to annual energyE
iot/ts)
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10E
EefficiencyconversionDirect
d
o eLe!L!
1*0
EE
Eo*efficiencyenergyOverall
id
eLe
!L!
Energy Analysis Metrics: Efficiency
Eo = energy output (e.g., useful energy)
Ed = direct energy input (e.g., fuel)
Ei = indirect energy input Eic = indirect energy continuous (e.g., energy to produce fuel)
Eiot = indirect energy one-time (e.g., energy to make device)
ts = system life (used to convert Eiot to annual energy Eiot/ts)
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Metrics: Net Energy
i
o
EEEROIinvestmentenergyonreturnEnergy !!
o
iot
E
EEPBTmepayback tiEnergy !!
io EEvalueenergyNet !
Eo = energy output (e.g., useful energy)
Ed = direct energy input (e.g., fuel) Ei = indirect energy input
Eic = indirect energy continuous (e.g., energy to produce fuel)
Eiot = indirect energy one-time (e.g., energy to make device)
ts = system life (used to convertE
iot to annual energyE
iot/ts)
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Metrics: Focus on Carbon, Petroleum
FFid
o
)E(E
EFFRratiofuelFossil
!!
o
Petroid
E)E(EPIRratioinputPetroleum !!
Eo = energy output (e.g., useful energy)
Ed = direct energy input (e.g., fuel)
Ei = indirect energy input
Eic = indirect energy continuous (e.g., energy to produce fuel)
Eiot = indirect energy one-time (e.g., energy to make device)
ts = system life (used to convert Eiot to annual energy Eiot/ts)
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EROI
forvarious
energy
sources
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Compare ethanol to gasoline:EROI not as important and Net Fossil Fuel
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Farrell, et al., Science, 2006
Net Energy & Petroleum Input
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Energy Input and Carbon Emissions
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Getting Energy Use Data
Billing meters (e.g., gasoline pumps, electric, natural gas meters)
Monitor run-time:
energy used = run-time (hrs) x energy/time
Submeters, data loggers
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Dataloggers
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Economic Analysis
Economic value of energy: price
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Volatility: Price ofGasoline in U.S., 1999-2007
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Time value of money
$100
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Time-value doesnt matter much for short time
periods and low discount rates
Present value of $100 Future dollars:a. d=4%, n=10 years
b. d=1%, n=10 years
c. d=10%, n=0.5 years
d. d=10%, n=10 years
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Simple Payback Period (SPP)
Time to payback initial cost with energy savings
IC = initial cost (or cost difference when comparing
options), $AES = annual energy savings, energy units/year
Pr = energy price, $/energy unit
(years)x PrE
IC
PPperiodpaybackimple !!
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Cost of Conserved Energy (CCE)
Cost per unit energy saved that can becompared to existing rates
unit)$/energy(S
m&o
1-d)-(1d)d(1(C F)FactorRecoveryCapital n
n
!
AES
m&oC
RF
xIC
CCEenergyconservedofCost
!!
CRF takes one-time payment and spreads it out over thelifetime (n) of the measure based on a discount rate (d)
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OtherEconomic Factors
n)d1(
1(P F)FactorValuePresent
!
n
n
d)d(1
1-d)-(1
(UPVF)FactorValuePresentUni orm !
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OtherEconomic Measures
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SPP and Market Penetration
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Conservation Supply Curve (CSC):plots cost per unit saved v. cumulative savings
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CSC for U.S. electricity, 1990:each step is an efficiency measure
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Economic Analysis Spreadsheet
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Environmental Analysis
Energy Use Impact/energy Impact
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Electricity depends on location
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Carbon
FootprintCalculator
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Calculating Emissions and Offsets
Input energy use, spreadsheet calculatescarbon emissions and green tags and treesto plant to offset emissions.