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Chapter 5 Power Point Absolutism
THE AGE OF THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISMABSOLUTISM(1550-1800)(1550-1800)
Ch. 5 Lesson 1Ch. 5 Lesson 1
AbsolutismAbsolutism
• Form of monarchical power when a ruler has a complete authority over the government and lives of the people
• Two types of A.: 1. Ruler 2. Ruler + Chief
Minister• A. took place in: Spain, France, A. took place in: Spain, France,
Prussia, Russia, AustriaPrussia, Russia, Austria
Map of states under Map of states under AbsolutismAbsolutism
Setting the StageSetting the Stage
• Europe was in a period after Reformation- still divided religiously (and competing for economic, and military domination)– Catholic territory: Spain, France, Italy,
Southern Germany. – Protestant territory: England,
Netherlands, Northern Germany
• Spain, France, and England also all had colonies in Asia, the Americas, and Africa.
SpainSpain((Charles VCharles V:: King of 2 Crowns King of 2 Crowns))
• Grandson of Ferdinand Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella: and Isabella:
• Inherited Spain and Inherited Spain and Austrian Austrian ((HapsburgHapsburg)) empireempire in 1519. in 1519.
• By the time he becomes By the time he becomes ruler Spain has already ruler Spain has already kicked out the Muslim kicked out the Muslim invaders who had taken invaders who had taken over southern Spain as over southern Spain as well as implementing the well as implementing the Inquisition (inquiring as to Inquisition (inquiring as to one’s religious purity- one’s religious purity- meaning you had better meaning you had better prove that you are a prove that you are a “true” Christian or else).“true” Christian or else).
Tired of the constant warfare of this diverse Tired of the constant warfare of this diverse empire, Charles V gave up his title and entered a empire, Charles V gave up his title and entered a monasterymonastery..
Division of his empire:Division of his empire:Hapsburg land→brother Hapsburg land→brother FerdinandFerdinand
Spain, Netherlands, southern ItalySpain, Netherlands, southern Italy and the and the colonial empire in the Americascolonial empire in the Americas→son →son PhilipPhilip
•Struggled to suppress Protestant movement in Struggled to suppress Protestant movement in German states as well as the Ottoman empire German states as well as the Ottoman empire led by Suleiman.led by Suleiman.
SpainSpain((Philip II)Philip II)
• Thanks to wealth from Thanks to wealth from Americas, his empire Americas, his empire became the wealthiest became the wealthiest in Europe. in Europe.
• Absolute monarch: Absolute monarch: complete authority complete authority over government and over government and lives of people.lives of people.
• Ruled by Ruled by divine right: divine right: believed his authority believed his authority to rule came directly to rule came directly from God.from God.
Sought to Sought to protect and protect and strengthen the strengthen the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church, requiring his subjects , requiring his subjects to conform strictly with the Catholic to conform strictly with the Catholic Church- little or no dissent allowed.Church- little or no dissent allowed.
So much so that he was called the So much so that he was called the “Most Catholic King” Phillip “Most Catholic King” Phillip
Counter-reformationCounter-reformation; turned ; turned InquisitionInquisition against against ProtestantsProtestants. . Enforced Catholic Enforced Catholic unity in his lands.unity in his lands.
Spanish Spanish GGolden olden AAgege: : 1550-16501550-1650
• Philip II was a patron of the arts and founded academies for science and math.
• Painters: – El Greco: religious
pictures and royal portraits
– Diego Velázquez: best known court painter.
• Writers:– Miguel de Cervantes:
wrote Don Quixote, the first modern novel in Europe. Mocks medieval chivalry.
SpainSpain((The Wars of Philip II)The Wars of Philip II)
• 1571 he leads the united Holy Empire in a war 1571 he leads the united Holy Empire in a war and and defeated the Ottoman Muslims in the defeated the Ottoman Muslims in the Mediterranean regionMediterranean region
• Battled Battled Protestant rebels in Protestant rebels in Spanish Spanish NetherlandsNetherlands (and Belgium) (and Belgium) who resisted Philip’s who resisted Philip’s efforts to crush Protestantism - especially the efforts to crush Protestantism - especially the Calvinists there. They also opposed high taxes Calvinists there. They also opposed high taxes and autocratic rule. That war drug on from 1566 and autocratic rule. That war drug on from 1566 to 1609 before there was a truce with the to 1609 before there was a truce with the northern-most areas gaining an independent northern-most areas gaining an independent status.status.
• Netherlands eventually won independence from Netherlands eventually won independence from SpainSpain after many years of war and became after many years of war and became known as the known as the Dutch NetherlandsDutch Netherlands in 1648. in 1648.
SpainSpain((The Wars of Philip II)The Wars of Philip II)
• Queen Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth I I was Phillip’s was Phillip’s chief Protestant chief Protestant enemy who enemy who supported the supported the DutchDutch rebellions.rebellions.
Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII who broke from the Catholic Church and who broke from the Catholic Church and sister of “Bloody” Mary (who was Catholic) sister of “Bloody” Mary (who was Catholic) and had become queen after their brother and had become queen after their brother (James) died.(James) died.
After Mary was deposed, Elizabeth took After Mary was deposed, Elizabeth took over and was a champion of Protestant over and was a champion of Protestant causes.causes.
She She changed the pro-Catholic laws of her changed the pro-Catholic laws of her sister. A new Act of Supremacy was passed sister. A new Act of Supremacy was passed enforcing that she was the only legitimate enforcing that she was the only legitimate ruler of England AND also the head of the ruler of England AND also the head of the Church of England.Church of England.
She also knighted She also knighted Sir Sir Francis DrakeFrancis Drake, a pirate , a pirate who looted Spanish who looted Spanish treasure ships. treasure ships.
In response, Philip II In response, Philip II Prepared a hugePrepared a huge AArmada rmada (fleet of (fleet of warships- 130 ships) warships- 130 ships) against Englandagainst England.. First the Spanish sail First the Spanish sail directly at England but directly at England but they are held off so they are held off so they try to travel north they try to travel north and attack but due to and attack but due to storms on English storms on English Channel, armada was Channel, armada was destroyed. destroyed.
England won and England won and suprassed Spanish suprassed Spanish powerpower thereafter. thereafter. Victory for Elizabeth IVictory for Elizabeth I
Spain’s Economic Decline: 1600s
• Economic decline and its impact:1.Wars overseas drained Spain
financially. 2.There were less able successors after
Philip II 3.Expulsion of Muslims and Jews=
deprived the economy of many skilled artisans and merchants
4.France (and England) replaced Spain as most powerful European nation.
Civil War In France
(1562-1598)
5.1 Pt 2
Civil War In France
(1562-1598)
5.1 Pt 2
FranceFrance• From 1560s-1590s, French civil war aka
French Wars of Religion religious war between Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) who were less than 10% of the population but almost 50% of the nobles and the Catholic majority- led by the “Ultra-Catholics” tore France apart.
• Nobles also interested in reducing King’s Power and the King was, of course, Catholic.
The Valois Family: The Beginning of the EndThe Valois Family: The Beginning of the End Henri II was the last powerful
Valois - royal house of France from 1328 to 1589.
Three weak sons followed: Francis II Charles IX Henri III
Catherine de Medici -Remember the Medici’s? controlled the sons:
Was mother to the boys Played both sides in the civil war Developed a reputation for cruelty
Catherine de MediciCatherine de Medici
Francis II & Mary Stuart; Charles IX Henry IIIFrancis II & Mary Stuart; Charles IX Henry III
The French Civil WarThe French Civil War There were two sides:
Guise family led Catholics Bourbon family led Huguenots Fighting for the royal inheritance
Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre August 24, 1572 20,000 Huguenots were killed Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
The French Civil WarThe French Civil War Catherine switches sides and starts
supporting the Bourbons.
Henri of Navarre – Bourbon Huguenots defeats Guises Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.
Effects of Civil War: France was left divided by religion Royal power had weakened Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
CatholicLeagueCatholicLeague
ProtestantUnion
ProtestantUnion
CIVILWAR
Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul
Reubens
Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul
Reubens
Ended Spanish interference in France
Converted to Catholicism : Did this to compromise
and make peace Paris is worth a mass. This was an example of
politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]
Fighting for the royal inheritance
Henry IV of FranceHenry IV of France
FranceFrance: (Henry IV): (Henry IV)
Issued Issued Edict of Nantes in 1598:Edict of Nantes in 1598:• 1. Made Catholicism the official 1. Made Catholicism the official
religion of Francereligion of France• 2.protected Protestant’s right to 2.protected Protestant’s right to
practice their religionpractice their religion• 3. protected Protestant political 3. protected Protestant political
rights and rights and • 4. promoted religious tolerance 4. promoted religious tolerance
but did NOT give religious but did NOT give religious freedom to all people. freedom to all people.
He ruled alone but royal officials helped him. He used a strong central government to restore order.
Royal officials: 1. Administered justice 2. Improved roads,built bridges 3. Revived agriculture
The
Thirty Years
War
(1618-1648)
The
Thirty Years
War
(1618-1648)
1618-16481618-1648
The Holy Roman Empire (modern-day Austria/Switzerland/Germany/Belgium/ Eastern Europe) was the battleground.
At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.
At the end it was Habsburg (Austria AND Spain) power that was threatened.
Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
Characteristics of the Thirty Years War
Characteristics of the Thirty Years War
Ferdinand II (Spain- Phillip’s uncle) inherited Bohemia.
The Bohemians hated him. Ferdinand refused to tolerate
Protestants. Defenestration of Prague May,
1618
Bohemia in defiance of the Pope and of Ferdinand named a new king, Frederick II.
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
Bohemian Phase
Bohemian Phase
Ferdinand II becomes/stays Holy Roman Emperor.
Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria.
Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.
But the rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance.
Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy Roman Empire (Denmark).
Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for the army. Wallenstein was merciless and defeated Protestants in north.
Edict of Restitution (1629): Restored to Catholics all lands lost
since 1552. Deprived all Protestants, except
Lutherans, of their religious and political rights.
German princes feared Ferdinand he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.
The Danish Phase: 1625-1629The Danish Phase: 1625-1629
Danish Phase
Albrechtvon
Wallenstein
France (a Catholic nation) & Sweden (a Protestant nation) now get involved to control Spain/Holy Roman Empire (Catholic)
Both want to stop Habsburg power. Sweden led the charge. France provided support.
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invaded the HR Empire.
Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein.
Swedish advance was stopped and Ferdinand wins again..
German princes still feared Ferdinand II.
Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.
The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635
Swedish Phase
GustavusAdolphus
France & Sweden switched roles.
All countries in Europe now participated.
This phase was most destructive!
German towns decimated. Agriculture collapsed famine
resulted. 8 million dead 1/3 of the
population [from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]
Caused massive inflation. Trade was crippled throughout
Europe.
The French Phase: 1635-1648The French Phase: 1635-1648
Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War
Political Provisions: 1. Each Ger. prince became free from
any kind of control by the HR Emperor.
2. The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially independent so. part remained a Sp. possession.
3. Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace.
4. Sweden got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts.
5. Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor Swiss Confederation.
Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.
Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in central Germany.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Religious Provisions: Calvinists would have the same
privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.
The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
1688-1700
What were the long-
range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?
What were the long-
range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?
Many Protestants felt betrayed.
The Pope denounced it.
Only merit it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!
For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.
Nobody Was Happy!Nobody Was Happy!
Chapter 5 Lesson 2
England (The Tudors & England (The Tudors & Parliament)Parliament)
• Power was maintained far differently in England than in France and Spain.
• Tudor dynasty reigned from 1485-1603.
• Henry VII believed in divine right, but valued Parliament and maintained good relationships.
• When Henry VIII dies it’s a religious and political mess. WHY?
Son Edward a Protestant mother was Jane Seymour who died in childbirth) is only 9 when Henry dies in 1547 then Edward dies at 16.
Next in line is Mary – Henry’s daughter from his first marriage to Catherine of Argon (what did this marriage lead to?) –
Problem she is a Catholic like her mother (banished to Scotland her whole life).
Nickname? Why?
She is eventually replaced by her younger sister Elizabeth (daughter of Henry and his 2nd wife, Anne Boleyn who he wanted so badly that he split from the Catholic Church for her.
Elizabeth I was popular and successful thanks to good Parliamentary relations.
English Parliament
• House of Lords:– Upper house– Hereditary rule
or appointed by sovereign
– Lord Spiritual and Lord Temporal lead this house.
• House of Commons– Lower house – Democratically
elected body. – Prime Minister
leads this house.
England (The Stuarts & England (The Stuarts & Parliament)Parliament)• When Elizabeth died without a direct
heir, the throne passed from the Tudors to the Stuarts, the ruling family of Scotland.
• James I, the first Stuart monarch contested Parliament and sought absolute rule.
• Leaders in the House of Commons (body of Parliament) resisted his claim to divine right to rule (the idea that his monarchy came from God)
James was also a strong supporter of the Church of England (known as the Anglican Church). Although the Anglican Church is Protestant, because it had broken directly away from the Catholic Church its ritual were very similar to Catholicism.
A group of more radical Protestants- the Puritans- wanted to purify the Anglican Church of any Catholic ideas but this went against the rules of the Church and since the King was also the head of the Church he felt the Puritans were defying his divine right to rule as he saw fit.
Since many members of the House of Commons were Puritans (a much higher percentage than in the overall population), this caused even more tensions between the King and Parliament.
In 1625 James died and his son, Charles I inherited the throne. He also behaved like an absolute monarch. Imprisoned foes without trial and created bitter enemies.
In 1628 Parliament passes the Petition of Right (which Charles accepts but then ignores)
1.Limits amount of tax the King can levy2.Limits King power to imprison without
just cause3.Limits King’s absolute power
For 11 years, he basically ruled the nation without Parliament.
He also tries to make the Church of England MORE like Catholicism- thus angering the Puritans and the House of Commons even more.
When he finally summoned Parliament to get help suppressing a Scottish rebellion, Parliament launched its own revolt.
Parliamentary Rebellion Parliamentary Rebellion and Civil War and Civil War
• When Parliament finally reconvened they staged the greatest political revolution in English history.
• Charles lashed back against the reforms Parliament proposed and gathered his army (the Royalists or Cavaliers)
• When he attempted to arrest the most radical leaders, they escaped and formed their own army (Roundheads)
• A civil war ensued, lasting from 1642-1649. In the end, revolutionary Parliamentary forces triumphed. Led by Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army parliamentary forces captured the king in 1647. Some members of Parliament wanted a negotiated settlement with Charles but the radicals refused to let them take their seats.
Execution of King Execution of King CharlesCharles
• After the war, what was left of Parliament set up court to put King Charles on trial.
• He was condemned as tyrant, traitor, and public enemy, and beheaded.
• 1st time in history that a monarch had been tried and executed by his own people.
• Sent clear message that in England, no ruler could claim absolute power and ignore the rule of law.
The CommonwealthThe CommonwealthAfter execution of
Charles I, House of Commons with only Cromwell supporters allowed to be seated (called the Rump Parliament) abolished the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the Church of England.
Declared England a republic called the Commonwealth, which was led by Oliver Cromwell.
Enforced strict military rule and England essentially became a military dictatorship.
Under the Commonwealth, Puritans also replaced the Church of England. Strict piety.
After Cromwell died, Puritans lost their grip on England
Charles IICharles II• Many English were tired of military rule and strict Puritan ways
• After a decade of kingless rule, Parliament invited Charles II to return to England from exile.
• Unlike his father, Charles II was a more popular ruler who avoided most of his father’s mistakes in dealing with Parliament.
• Restored Church of England and promoted religious tolerance BUT he went so far in tolerating Catholics that he was suspected of secretly being Catholic- his brother James II WAS Catholic and Charles II converted to Catholicism on his deathbed.
• Parliament passed the Test Act saying that only Anglicans (not Puritans OR Catholics ) could hold military and political offices.
James II, James II, • Charles II’s brother James
II inherited the throne. • Unlike Charles II, he
angered Parliament and attempted to restore the Catholic Church.
• Parliament was simply going to wait it out until James’ death because he had no male heirs and his2 daughters were both Protestant; however, james gets re-married to a Catholic woman and they have son (automatic next in line for the throne) and he is baptized Catholic. Facing a future with another religious battle Parliament decides to act.
Parliament invites James’ Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to invade and become rulers of England.
When they arrived, James’ army deserts- as does his other daughter as well. James fled to France. Non-violent overthrow known as the Glorious Revolution.
William & MaryWilliam & Mary
English Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights• Before they could be crowned, William and
Mary had to accept several acts passed by Parliament that became known as the English Bill of Rights.
• It ensured superiority of Parliament over the monarchy.
• Required monarch to summon Parliament regularly and forbade monarch from interfering with debate or suspending laws.
• Also restored trial by jury and affirmed principle of habeas corpus in which no one could be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime.
Created a limited monarchy form of government. Set England apart from the rest of Europe.
They also accepted the Act of Toleration which gave freedom of worship to Puritans (but NOT to Catholics).
These political ideas in England were being influenced by the writings of 2 philosophers of the time.
The first, Thomas Hobbes wrote “Leviathan.”
In it, he argued that people are naturally wicked and cannot be trusted to govern.
Therefore, Hobbes believed that an absolute monarchy—a government that gives all power to a king or queen—is best.
Hobbes’ believed that humans are essentially selfish creatures but he also believed that all people are equal, and that this equality leads to competition and violence. He wrote that humans are driven by a “perpetual and restless desire for power…that ceases only in death,” and that the natural condition of humankind is a situation of “a war of every man against every man.
.” Because he thought that people act in their own selfish interests if they are left alone, Hobbes did not believe that people should be trusted to make their own decisions.
He also felt that nations, like people, are selfishly motivated and in a constant battle for power and wealth.
To further prove his point, Hobbes wrote, “If men are not naturally in a state of war, why do they always carry arms and why do they have keys to lock their doors?”
Governments were created, according to Hobbes, to protect people from their own selfishness and evil.
He believed that it is not possible for people have both freedom and peace, since the state of freedom is a state of unlimited greed and war. Joining together to form societies is thus humankind’s only possibility for peace.
The best government is one that has the great power of a leviathan, or sea monster.
Hobbes believed in the rule of a king or queen because he felt a country needs an authority figure to provide direction and leadership. Because the people are only interested in promoting their own interests, Hobbes believes that democracy—allowing citizens to vote for government leaders—would never work. Hobbes believed that without a strong government, people experience “continual fear and danger of violent death” and lives that are “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short
Hobbes reasoned that all people should voluntarily choose to give up their rights to the leviathan, who then would protect people from one another and ensure peace.
This idea was not the same as divine right. Instead, Hobbes believed that a ruler’s absolute power comes not from God, but from people rationally deciding that this is in their best interests.
Hobbes realized that the ruler could abuse his or her absolute power and become cruel and unfair.
However, this problem could be lessened, Hobbes believed, by appointing a diverse group of representatives to present the problems of the common people to the leviathan.
These representatives would only have the power to present opinions, since all final decisions would be made by the leviathan.
Locke also did not believe that God had chosen a group or family of people
to rule countries.
He rejected the idea of “Divine Right,” but where Hobbes believed in a more absolutist leader Locke supported a monarchy whose power is limited to ensure that the rights of the people
are respected.
He argued that ALL governments—including monarchies should only
operate with the consent, or approval, of the people being
governed.
Locke wrote, “that all peaceful beginnings of government
have been laid in the consent of the people.”
Governments are formed to protect the right to life, the right to freedom, and the right to property.
These rights are absolute, belonging to all people.
Locke believed that ideally government power should be divided equally into three branches of government so that politicians do not face the “temptation…to grasp at [absolute] power.”
If any government abuses the rights of the people instead of protecting them, the people have the right to rebel and form a new government.
He wrote, “Whenever the preservation of life, liberty, and property for which power is given to rulers is neglected or opposed, the trust (in the ruler) must necessarily be forfeited and then returned into the hands of the people, who may place it in a new government which they think is best for their safety and security.”
This idea is known as the Social Contract
People are naturally free they agree to give up some of that freedom/power to the government
Government which has power agrees to use that power to protect rights of the people
BUT this is a contract and if either side does not keep up its end of the bargain, the contract is null and void.
So if the government abuses the power the people have given to it and/or fails to protect the natural rights of the people, the people do NOT have to continue to give their consent/power to the government.
Locke’s idea that only the consent of the governed
gives validity to a government inspired the
founders of new democracies, such as
Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of
Independence and the writers of the United States
Constitution.
Locke believed that the control of any person against his or her will was unacceptable, whether in the form of an unfair government or in slavery.
Locke wrote, “The natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but only have the law of nature for his rule.”
He extended his ideas about freedom to a belief in civil liberties. Locke felt that women had the ability to reason, which entitled them to an equal voice, at least in the home—an unpopular idea during this time in history.
Despite fearing that he might be censored, he wrote, “It may not be wrong to offer new ideas when the old traditions lead men into mistakes, as this idea of fatherly power probably had done, which seems so eager to place the power of parents over their children wholly in the father, as if the mother had no share in it; whereas if we consult reason or the Bible, we shall find she has an equal title.”
5.3 Louis XIV, Austria, Prussia &
Russia
(Louis XIII)(Louis XIII)• Henry IV assassinated→ 9 years old
son Louis XIII inherited throne. • Young Louis XIII appoited Cardinal
Armand Richelieu as his chief minister and ruled with his help.
(Richelieu)(Richelieu) Richelieu sought to destroy the power of Richelieu sought to destroy the power of
Huguenots and nobles so he:Huguenots and nobles so he:• Smashed the
Huguenots cities and outlawed their armies took away political and military rights
• BUT he allowed them to practice their own religion
• Defeated the Defeated the private nobles private nobles armies and armies and destroyed destroyed their castlestheir castles
• BUTBUT he tied he tied nobles to nobles to the the king by giving king by giving them high them high posts at court posts at court or in royal or in royal army army
• Richelieu:• further strengthened
central government (extending royal power)
• Sought to destroy the Huguenots and the nobles, two groups that did not bow to royal authority– Handpicked his successor,
Cardinal Mazarin
Louis XIVLouis XIV
• Son of Louis XIII• Inherited throne at age 5• Believed in his divine right to rule• Took the sun as the symbol of
his absolute power: just as the sun stands at the center of the solar system, so the Sun King stands at the center of the nation
(Louis XIV & Marazin)(Louis XIV & Marazin)• Reign of Louis XIV: 1. Ruled with Marazin´s
help2. Disorder again swept
France• After Marazin died
Louis took the government under his complete control.
• Claimed “I Am The State.” Believed in divine right to rule.
(Louis XIV)(Louis XIV)POLICIES of LOUIS XIV
Never called a meeting of the, The Estates General, the medieval council made up of representatives of all French social classes which had been established to check royal power.
•Appointed intendants royal officials from the middle class who collected taxes,, recruit soldiers, and carry out his policies throughout France.
a.Cemented his ties with the middle classes
b. Checked the power of nobles and Church
•Under Louis XIV, French army became the strongest in Europe. Recruited soldiers–Army was used to enforce his policies at home and abroad
•His finance minister, Jean Baptiste Colbert followed mercantilist policies, helping make France the wealthiest state in Europe.
a. New lands cleared for farming, encouraged mining and other basic industries, and built up luxury trades
b. Imposed high tariffs on imported goods to protect French manufacturers
VersaillesVersailles• Louis XIV spared no
expense to make this the most magnificent building in Europe
• Was the perfect symbol of the Sun King’s wealth and power housed 10,000 people.
• No expense was too great. Lavish lifestyle.
• Served as the Louis XIV’s home and the seat of the government
Each day began in the King’s bedroom with a major ritual known as the levee, or rising
High-ranking nobles competed for the honor of holding the royal wash bin or hand the king his diamond-buckled shoes
Purpose: These nobles were a threat to the power of the monarchy; thus, by luring nobles to Versailles, Louis XIV turned them into courtiers angling for privileges rather than rivals battling for power
Louis XIV’s Accomplishments Louis XIV’s Accomplishments 72 Years of Rule72 Years of Rule
• Strengthened royal power, the army, the economy, and the arts and learning to make France the leading and in many ways dominant power of Europe militarily, politically, culturally
• Prevented dissent from within by keeping the nobles busy in the king’s court instead of battling for power (levee)
• Versailles became a symbol of royal power and wealth
Weakening France’s Weakening France’s EconomyEconomy• How did Louis XIV’s actions weaken
France’s economy?– Waging war to expand France’s borders
drained his treasury (other European nations wanted to maintain the balance of power = a distribution of military and economic power among European nations to prevent any one country from dominating the region)
– Expelling Huguenots (100,00) whom Louis XIV saw as a threat to religious and political unity, removed some of his most productive subjects
– His policies didn’t bring prosperity to the common people of France – his numerous wars and extravagant palaces effectively bankrupted the nationFrance bankrupt when he dies
Austria & PrussiaAustria & Prussia• Struggle between Protestant North and
Catholic South in Germany triggered the Thirty Years’ War.
• The war led to severe depopulation. As many as 1/3 of the people in the German states died during the wars.
• Finally exhausted combatants accepted treaties like the Peace of Westphalia.
• Left Germany divided into more than 360 separate states- each still acknowledged the Holy Roman emperor but each had their own government, currency, church, armed forces, and foreign policy (again, the German states were not united)
Hapsburg AustriaHapsburg Austria
• Though weakened by war Hapsburgs family that controlled HRE AND Spain wanted to create a strong united state.
• Focused attention on expanding their own lands. Added Bohemia, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland as well as SE Europe (Sovenia, Croatia) by defeating the Turks -to Austria.
When Hapsburg emperor Charles VI died, many did not recognize his daughter, Maria Theresa’s right to rule.•No woman had ruled Hapsburg lands in her own name•Difficult to unite these diverse lands.•Frederick II of Prussia seized the Hapsburg province of Silesia, which sparked the 8-year War of the Austrian Succession
Maria TheresaMaria Theresa• Maria Theresa appealed to
Hungarian assembly for help . They agreed.
• Despite resistance, she was able to preserve her empire with support from Britain and Russia, (Britain and Russia didn’t want Prussia to upset the balance of power by gaining new lands and win support of most of her people.
• She strengthened Hapsburg power by reorganizing the bureaucracy and improving tax collection.
• Forced nobles to pay taxes, easing the tax burden on peasants.
• Formed strong Catholic state.
PrussiaPrussia
• While Austria was molding a strong Catholic state, a region called Prussia emerged as a new Protestant power
• The Hohenzollern rulers set up an efficient central bureaucracy
Rise of PrussiaRise of Prussia
• Prussia emerged along with Austria, France, England, and Russia, as one of the great powers of Europe.
Frederick William I (r. Frederick William I (r. 1713-1740)1713-1740)
• Frederick William I gained the loyalty of Prussian nobles by giving them positions in the government and army, which reduced their independence and increased his own control
• He also placed great emphasis on military values and forged one of the best-trained armies in Europe 40,000 strong
•Maintained his power by setting up and controlling the General War Commissariat which controlled the government.
•Gave official positions to noblemen of power (known as junkers).
•Frederick William made sure that from a young age, his son Frederick was trained in the art of war. Frederick is going to be the first king of Prussia.
RussiaRussiaRussia is a divided land- divided into little domains of control in a huge country.
By the 1400’s Ivan becomes supreme ruler of Russia and calls himself “czar” or Caesar of Russia.
He is ruthless in taking power- destroying the Russian nobles known as orboyars.
Ivan is so absolute and controlling that he gets the nickname Ivan the Terrible.
RussiaRussia• When he dies Russia goes into a period
called “Time of troubles”• Untouched by Renaissance and European
reformations and completely isolated• Conservative Russians held onto Russian
Orthodox Church and traditions. • The national assembly (Congress) of Russia
known as the zemsky sobor chooses a man named Michael Romanov as the new czar.
• The “Romanov Dynasty” will last over 300 years.
Not until 1682 did a czar emerge who was strong enough to regain order and maintain absolute power of earlier czars.
Peter Mikhailov (Peter the Great) was that czar who pushed Russia to become a great modern power.
RussiaRussiaPeter The GreatPeter The Great
• The most dominant figure in the Russian history
• He learned from European cultures and was inspired by them to completely reform Russia.
• Traveled around Europe examining the way modern government, technology, the military and culture were managed in Western Europe. Wanted to catch Russia up to them.
Peter The GreatPeter The Great
• Embarked on a policy of westernization, or adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture.
• Had difficulty convincing Russians to change their way of life.
• To impose his will, he became the most autocratic of Europe’s monarchs. Tortured and killed those who challenged him.
• Also strengthened military 210,000 soldiers- requiring 25 year enlistments.
• He expanded Russian borders, including wars with Sweden to get an “ice free port building St. Petersburg.
• Brought Russian Orthodox Church under his control, and expanded serfdom (like feudalism/slavery).
• Used serfs to serve the state. They were used to work on government projects like building roads, canals, etc.
• Enforced mercantilist policies and expanded trade.
RussiaRussiaSt. PetersburgSt. Petersburg
• Built new capital city at St. Petersburg. Called it a “window on the West.”
• Just as Versailles was a monument to French absolutism, St. Petersburg became symbolic of Russian absolutism as well as a symbol of modern Russia.
RussianRussian absolutismabsolutism
• Absolute power of the czars was inherited.
• Cruel, almost tyrannical reign (coined the term “police state” as something positive because it meant safety and stability and peace) of Peter was necessary in order to tame turmoil and prevent upheaval of power in Russia.
