Chapter 17 The Age of Absolutism ( ) ( ) The Hapsburgs Hapsburgs started out as dukes of Austria Will gain control of vast amounts of land through carefully arranged marriages and diplomacy Charles V will inherit all the Hapsburg lands which will include: Spain, the Netherlands, parts of Italy, Holy Roman Empire and the Empire of the Americas So powerful was Charles V that diplomacy changed in Europeintroduction of the idea of balance of powerno one country should have overwhelming power over other Charles V Fought wars in France, Italy, Germany and against the Ottoman Turks (Muslims) Abdicated his throne in 1556 and retired Split empire between his brother, Ferdinand I (HRE and Austria)and son, Philip II (Spain, Netherlands, Empire of the Americas, parts of Italy) The Golden Age of Spain King Philip II ruled for 42 years as an absolute monarchcomplete authority over the government and lives of the people Believed in the idea of divine right of kings which meant his right to rule came directly from God During his reign Spain was the strongest country in Europe Built magnificent palace, the Escorial Philip II Philip saw himself as the guardian of the Roman Catholic Church. Led the Catholic Reformation in Spain and used Inquisition against the Moriscoes (descendants of former Muslim converts) In 1571 defeated Ottoman navy at the Battle of Lepanto In 1580 will take over Portugal Rebellion in The Netherlands Philip II tried to centralize power Dutch resented Spanish influence because they felt Philip was putting Spanish interests firsttaxes were high which caused economic issues (Netherlands richest part of empire) Religious differences also caused problems (Dutch were Protestant) Protestants (Dutch Calvinist) revolted in 1566 when Philip tried to enforce laws against Protestants Dutch Rebellion The Duke of Alva (Alba) was dispatched to put down rebellionharsh measures used Leader of the Dutch was William of Orange who used guerrilla warfare tactics Added by Elizabeth I the seven northern provinces (Dutch Netherlands) gained independence 10 southern provinces remained loyal to Spain and became the Spanish Netherlands Dutch Netherlands came out of rebellion as a powerful commercial nation English pirates who attacked Spanish shipping English Sea Dogs pirates who attacked Spanish shipping They were supported by Elizabeth I The Sea Dogs leader was The Sea Dogs leader was Francis Drake second to sail around the world Spanish Armada The Spanish Armada To end English attacks and subdue the Dutch, Philip prepared a huge, or fleet, to carry a Spanish invasion force to England. In, the Armada sailed with more than 130 ships, 20,000 men, and 2,400 pieces of artillery. To end English attacks and subdue the Dutch, Philip prepared a huge armada, or fleet, to carry a Spanish invasion force to England. In 1588, the Armada sailed with more than 130 ships, 20,000 men, and 2,400 pieces of artillery. Sea battle ensued (English ships smaller and quicker) and with the help of a storm () the Armada was defeated Sea battle ensued (English ships smaller and quicker) and with the help of a storm (Protestant Wind) the Armada was defeated Many Spanish ships destroyed on rocks of coast of Ireland England will become dominate naval power and Spain will begin a long decline Century of Gold was period of great achievements in literature, painting and philosophy in Spain Famous painters include El Greco and Diego Velazquez CervantesDon Quixote Spain at the height of their splendor Spanish Decline ECONOMIC PROBLEMS Costly overseas wars drained wealth out of Spain almost as fast as it came in. Treasure from the Americas led Spain to neglect farming and commerce. American gold and silver led to soaring inflation- Spain too dependent on New World gold French Wars of Religion was killed during a jousting tournament celebrating his daughters marriage Henry II, King of France was killed during a jousting tournament celebrating his daughters marriage served as regent for her three sons who inherited the throne Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III Catherine de Medici served as regent for her three sons who inherited the throne Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III The dynasty began to decline after Henry IIs death The Valois dynasty began to decline after Henry IIs death Political struggles tore France apart Three families fought for controlValois, (powerful Catholic noble family), and (most powerful Protestant family) Three families fought for controlValois, Guise (powerful Catholic noble family), and Bourbon (most powerful Protestant family) Wars of Religion Violence will erupt between Catholics and (French Calvinist)9 civil wars erupted between Violence will erupt between Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinist)9 civil wars erupted between will happenauthorized by Charles IX on the advice of his mother on August 24, 1572 St. Bartholomew Day Massacre will happenauthorized by Charles IX on the advice of his mother Many powerful Huguenots were attending the wedding of and the kings sister, Many powerful Huguenots were attending the wedding of Henry of Navarre and the kings sister, Marguerite Wars of Religion Violence spread to the countryside (both sides committed atrocities) War erupted between the groups wanting the throne War is called the War is called the War of the Three Henrys Henry III (last of the Valois) allies himself with Henry of Navarre after the assassination of Henry, Duke of Guise Henry III will later be assassinated leaving Henry of Navarre to claim the throne France In 1589, a Huguenot prince inherited the French throne as (formally Henry of Navarre) as the first king In 1589, a Huguenot prince inherited the French throne as Henry IV (formally Henry of Navarre) as the first Bourbon king Crowned king of France ( ) after converting to Catholicism again Crowned king of France (Paris is well worth a mass) after converting to Catholicism again To protect Protestants, issued the, which granted Huguenots religious toleration and let them fortify their own towns and cities. To protect Protestants, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots religious toleration and let them fortify their own towns and cities. France Henry IV is assassinated 1624 9 year old becomes king and will eventually appoint a chief minister to oversee government 1624 9 year old Louis XIII becomes king and will eventually appoint a chief minister to oversee government appointed chief minister and was a Catholic cardinal Cardinal Richelieu appointed chief minister and was a Catholic cardinal Sets out to destroy the power of the nobles and the Huguenots Defeats the private armies of the nobles and destroys their fortified castles Outlawed Huguenot armies and took down the walls around their cities Richelieu Hapsburgs are seen as Frances greatest enemygoal was to make France most powerful nation in Europe Richelieu supported any country or state fighting against Hapsburgs to weaken them Did not let religion interfere with political decisions Louis XIV The Sun King 1643 4/5 years old Louis XIV became king of France his chief ministerQueen Anne served as regent 1643 4/5 years old Louis XIV became king of France Cardinal Jules Mazarin his chief ministerQueen Anne served as regent The (reaction to attempt of crown to raise money) erupted when Louis XIV was 9caused Louis to not trust Parisians The Fronde (reaction to attempt of crown to raise money) erupted when Louis XIV was 9caused Louis to not trust Parisians 1661 took over the government (72 years as king) 1661 Louis XIV took over the government (72 years as king) Louis took the sun as the symbol of his absolute power and was often quoted as saying, I am the state. Louis XIV During his 72-year reign, Louis did not once call a meeting of the Estates General. Louis expanded the bureaucracy and appointed, royal officials who collected taxes, recruited soldiers, and carried out Louiss policies in the provinces. Louis expanded the bureaucracy and appointed intendants (originally used by Richelieu), royal officials who collected taxes, recruited soldiers, and carried out Louiss policies in the provinces. Louis created the strongest army in Europe, which he used to enforce his policies at home and abroad. Louis XIV Finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert Finance minister Believed in mercantilism Cleared new farm land Encouraged new industries High tariffs against imports to protect home industries Encouraged overseas colonies Made France the wealthiest nation in Europe Palace at Versailles Louis XIV had a royal palace built just outside Paris More than mile long Over 700 rooms (and over 1,000 fountains) Housed more than 10,000 people Most famous room is the Hall of Mirrors Decorated in baroque stylereligious emotionalism, drama, and lavish decoration and frescoes Classical Age of France French culture, manners, and customs became the European standard. The arts flourished in France. French style of painting, music, architecture & fashion became the model for Europe the ballet new from France Louis XIV sponsored French Academies The Wars of Louis XIV 1685 Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes 100,000 Huguenots flee the country Hurts the French economy One king and one country Religious unity key to political unity The Wars of Louis XIV Louis XIV expands French borders Louis XIV expands French borders ( 4 major wars) Other countries will form alliances to check France & maintain the Other countries will form alliances to check France & maintain the balance of power War of Spanish Succession was born a monstrosity (Hapsburg Jaw)--last Hapsburg to rule Spainnamed Louis XIV grandson heir Charles II (S) was born a monstrosity (Hapsburg Jaw)--last Hapsburg to rule Spainnamed Louis XIV grandson heir Philip V of Spain is Louis XIV grandson, Louis wants to join the 2 countries 1713 France is spent physically & economically V could stay on throne of Spain but thrones of France and Spain could never be ruled by same person 1713 Treaty of Utrecht France is spent physically & economicallyended the war of Spanish Succession Philip V could stay on throne of Spain but thrones of France and Spain could never be ruled by same person Britain acquired the, right to supply African slaves to Spanish America for 30 years Britain acquired the Asiento, right to supply African slaves to Spanish America for 30 years After the Sun King 1715 Louis XIV dies Louis XIV out lives all his sons and grandsons Left France in economic troubles because of his many wars 5 year old Louis XV (great-grandson) becomes king weak ruler ignores Frances economic problems England The Tudors believed in divine right, but also recognized the value of good relations with Parliament. When he broke with the Roman Catholic Church or when he needed funds, Henry VIII consulted Parliament. Elizabeth both consulted and controlled Parliament. Stuart Time Line Stuart Kings 1603 takes over after the death of Elizabeth I believed in Divine Right 1603 James I takes over after the death of Elizabeth Ifirst of Stuart kingsbelieved in Divine Right When he needed funds, James I dissolved Parliament and collected taxes on his own. Also clashed with the Also clashed with the Puritans over religion & the Church of England Had new edition of Bible written in a concession to the Puritans Charles I Charles behaved like an absolute monarch. He imprisoned his foes without trial and squeezed the nation for money. 1628, the need to raise taxes forced Charles to summon Parliament. Before voting any funds, Parliament insisted that Charles sign the 1628, the need to raise taxes forced Charles to summon Parliament. Before voting any funds, Parliament insisted that Charles sign the Petition of Right (king subject to the law, king could not levy taxes without approval of Parliament, impose forced loans on his subjects, declare martial law in peacetime, imprison citizens without trial, or quarter troops in private homes) Charles I signs, gets his money & disbands Parliament Charles I A revolt in Scotland forced Charles I to call Parliament Known as the Long Parliament lasted from 1640 to 1653 Charles I v. Parliament Parliament tried and executed many of the kings chief ministers (Earl of Strafford and William Laud) & tried to abolish special royal courts Court of Star Chamber Court of High Commission 1642 Charles I led troops into Parliament to arrest its leaders They escaped Result: The English Civil War English Civil War Cavaliers v. Roundheads Roundheads led by Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell New Model Army Charles is captured, tried as a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy, and is beheaded Puritan Rule After the execution of Charles I, the House of Commons abolished the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the official Church of England. It declared England a republic, known as the, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector as he was called After the execution of Charles I, the House of Commons abolished the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the official Church of England. It declared England a republic, known as the Commonwealth, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector as he was called Crushed a rebellion in Ireland (long lasting hatred between Catholics and Protestants) Crushed a rebellion in Ireland (long lasting hatred between Catholics and Protestants) Puritan Rule Instituted strict rules in England No theater Banned newspapers No dancing No dueling No swearing Extremely strict about what could be done on Sundays The Restoration Parliament invites Charles II to become king of England The Restoration Charles II (Merry Monarch) very careful in his dealings with Parliament 1684 James II becomes king with the death of his brother. Parliament is concerned because: James raised Catholic Appointed Catholics to high offices Catholic wife gives birth to a son The Glorious Revolution Parliament invited to become rulers of England. When William and Mary landed in England, James II fled to France.. Parliament invited William and Mary to become rulers of England. When William and Mary landed in England, James II fled to France. This bloodless overthrow of a king became known as the Glorious Revolution. The Glorious Revolution Before they could be crowned, William and Mary had to accept the, which: Before they could be crowned, William and Mary had to accept the English Bill of Rights, which: ensured superiority of Parliament over the monarchy. gave the House of Commons. gave the House of Commons power of the purse. prohibited a monarch from interfering with Parliament. restated the rights of English citizens. The Glorious Revolution did not create democracy, but a type of government called, in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarchs powers. The Glorious Revolution did not create democracy, but a type of government called limited monarchy, in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarchs powers. The Glorious Revolution Parliament also passed the of 1689 which granted freedom of religion to Protestants Parliament also passed the Toleration Act of 1689 which granted freedom of religion to Protestants made it illegal for a Catholic to become ruler of England Act of Settlement made it illegal for a Catholic to become ruler of England 1707 Act of UnionScotland and England united (Great Britain) Upon the death of William III the throne went to Queen Anne youngest daughter of James II Thirty Years War Germany made up of hundreds of small independent states in theory under the Holy Roman Emperor Germany made up of hundreds of small independent states in theory under the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II German princes elected the emperor Political and religious divisions Northern Provinces Protestant Union of 1608 Northern Provinces Southern Provinces Catholic League of 1609 Southern Provinces Thirty Years War In May 1618, a few rebellious Protestant noblemen tossed two royal officials out of a castle window in Prague. () Ferdinand II moved to suppress the Protestants In May 1618, a few rebellious Protestant noblemen tossed two royal officials out of a castle window in Prague. (Defenestration of Prague) Ferdinand II moved to suppress the Protestants Started as a local conflict in Bohemia Thirty Years War Ferdinand II sought help from Catholic countries Spain, Poland etc. Netherlands and Sweden helped the Protestants Hapsburgs dominated first 12 years of war Early Protestant leader was, Swedish kingdrove Hapsburgs out of Northern Germanykilled during battle of which will turn tide of war in favor of Hapsburgs Early Protestant leader was Gustavus Adolphus, Swedish kingdrove Hapsburgs out of Northern Germanykilled during battle of Lutzen which will turn tide of war in favor of Hapsburgs Soon war became more with rulers changing sides-- France (Richelieu/Mazarin) will help Protestant side in war Soon war became more political with rulers changing sides-- France (Richelieu/Mazarin) will help Protestant side in war WHY? Thirty Years War The fighting took a terrible toll. Roving armies of, or soldiers for hire, burned villages, destroyed crops, and killed without mercy. The fighting took a terrible toll. Roving armies of mercenaries, or soldiers for hire, burned villages, destroyed crops, and killed without mercy. Murder and torture were followed by famine and disease. Wolves, not seen in settled areas since the Middle Ages, stalked the deserted streets of once-bustling villages. The war led to severe, or reduction in population. Although exact population statistics do not exist, historians estimate that as many as one third of the people in the German states may have died as a result of the war. Murder and torture were followed by famine and disease. Wolves, not seen in settled areas since the Middle Ages, stalked the deserted streets of once-bustling villages. The war led to severe depopulation, or reduction in population. Although exact population statistics do not exist, historians estimate that as many as one third of the people in the German states may have died as a result of the war. Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years War Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years War the war ended with a general European peace Hapsburgs - big loser forced to accept almost total independence of German princes Germany now more than 360 separate states Map of Europe redrawn and will not change for 150 years Recognized Calvinism as an official religion in Holy Roman Empire Ended wars of religion in Europe Europe after the Thirty Years War Austrian Hapsburgs Charles VI, Hapsburg ruler, faced a new crisis. He had no son. His daughter,, was intelligent and capable, but no woman had yet ruled Hapsburg lands in her own name. Charles persuaded other European rulers to recognize his daughter's right to succeed him known as Pragmatic Sanction. When he died, however, many ignored their pledge. Charles VI, Hapsburg ruler, faced a new crisis. He had no son. His daughter, Maria Theresa, was intelligent and capable, but no woman had yet ruled Hapsburg lands in her own name. Charles persuaded other European rulers to recognize his daughter's right to succeed him known as Pragmatic Sanction. When he died, however, many ignored their pledge. Maria Theresa The greatest threat came in 1740, when Frederick II of Prussia seized the rich Hapsburg province of Silesia. War of Austrian Succession 8 years failed to get Prussia out of Silesia but helped to unite her empire Became a worldwide war as Great Britain and France became involved Prussia 1600s ruled sections of northern Germany - After Peace of Westphalia they united the whole area 1600s Hohenzollerns ruled sections of northern Germany - After Peace of Westphalia they united the whole area Frederick William, the Great Elector Lands were formerly part of Brandenburg and Prussia Slowly built up the Prussian army; would not allow Prussian people to suffer as they had during Thirty Years Warallowed religious toleration Used them as mercenaries for other countries to use to gain money Frederick I, son of Frederick William will be the first king of Prussia Spent lavishly on arts but continued to build military Frederick William I forged one of the best-trained armies in Europe. Great emphasis was placed on military values. Known as the Known as the Sargent King (loved all things military) Doubled the size of the army Potsdam Guard (Potsdam Giants) Comprised of men 64 or taller Finest precision unit in the world Gained the support of the Junkers (landowning nobility) by giving them exclusive right to be officers in his army Frederick II Frederick the Great 1740will start Attacked Silesia 1740will start War of Austrian Succession Prussian army one of the most powerful in all of Europe Frederick made brilliant use of his disciplined army, forcing all to accept Prussia as a great power. Known as an Enlightened Monarchone of the best educated and cultured monarchs in the 18 th century (Enlightened Despot) Gave limited freedom of speech and press; eliminated torture except in treason and murder cases Russia The had kept Russia from interacting with the rest of Europe for two centuries The Golden Horde (Mongols) had kept Russia from interacting with the rest of Europe for two centuries New Russia emerged in 15 th century under leadership of principality of Muscovy and its grand dukes will led Russians to independence from Mongols (Moscow becomes most important city) Ivan III will led Russians to independence from Mongols (Moscow becomes most important city) be first Russian ruler to officially take title of )-- Caesar Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) came to throne at age 3will be first Russian ruler to officially take title of czar (tsar)-- Caesar Rule was followed by period of anarchy known as the Rule was followed by period of anarchy known as the Time of Troubles 1613 first () becomes & restored some sort of order to Russia (Romanov will rule until 1917) 1613 first Romanov (Michael) becomes czar & restored some sort of order to Russia (Romanov will rule until 1917) Peter I (Peter the Great) becomes czar at age 10 (co-ruled with brother, Ivan) 1696 Peter I takes full control of the government (Ivan dies) 1697 spends a year traveling and studying western technologyGrand Embassy committed to a policy of in Russia. committed to a policy of westernization in Russia. Peter the Great To impose his will, Peter became the most autocratic of Europes absolute monarchs. During his reign he: forced the or landowning nobles, to serve the state. forced the boyars, or landowning nobles, to serve the state. imported western technology and culture; introduced to diets of Russian serfs imported western technology and culture; introduced potato to diets of Russian serfs insisted that the boyars shave their beards and wear western-style clothing used autocratic methods to push through social and economic reforms. imposed policies which caused the spread of serfdom. brought all Russian institutions under his control. Peter the Great created the largest standing army in Europe and set out to extend Russian borders to the west and southbuilt Russias first navy unsuccessfully fought the Ottomans in an attempt to gain a for Russia. unsuccessfully fought the Ottomans in an attempt to gain a warm-water port for Russia. engaged in a long war with Sweden (), and eventually won land along the Baltic Sea () On land won from Sweden, Peter built a magnificent new capital city, engaged in a long war with Sweden (Great Northern War), and eventually won land along the Baltic Sea (Treaty of Nystad) On land won from Sweden, Peter built a magnificent new capital city, St. Petersburg, his Window to the West hired a navigator to explore what became known as the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska. hired a navigator Vitus Bering- to explore what became known as the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska. Catherine the Great (Catherine II) Peter I died without a clear successor Results: power struggle & series of weak rulers One of those was Peter III Married a German princess named Catherine She adopted Russian ways Converted to Russian Orthodox Church The people loved her Catherine the Great 1762 Peter III is killed or murdered and Catherine takes over rule of Russia Supported by military leaders Catherine the Great reorganized the provincial government, codified laws, and began state-sponsored education for boys and girls. embraced and encouraged Western ideas and culture. gained a warm-water port on the Black Sea from Turks granted special privileges to the boyars. allowed the boyars to increase their control of the peasants and repressed peasant rebellions. Poland 1770s Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great & Joseph II of Austria all wanted Poland They agreed to partition it rather than fight for it Poland had the Diet and each noble had the right to the liberum veto which allowed one noble to explode the Diet Poland had the Diet and each noble had the right to the liberum veto which allowed one noble to explode the Diet Poland weak because nobles had all the power Results: Partitioned in 1772, 1793 and 1795 no more Poland