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Chapter 5
One Billion and Counting: The Hidden Momentum of Population Growth in India
Activity 1: Matching Demographic Descriptions withPopulation Pyramids
Activity 2: Demographic Momentum
Activity 3: Interpreting Population Change
Learning OutcomesAfter completing the chapter, you will be able to:
Relate the shape of population pyramids to a country’s birth, death, and growth rates.
Differentiate population pyramids of nations with rapid, slow, and negative population growth.
Understand the hidden momentum built into current population pyramids.
Recognize the hypothetical nature of population projections.
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Year
Ra
te p
er
10
00
England CBR England CDR India CBR India CDR
Figure 5.5
Figure 5.6
Figure 5.7
Total Population in 20006.067 billion total
Af rica
12%
Latin America
9%
Oceania
1%
Asia
61%
Europe
12%
US & Canada
5%
Figure 5.8
0
200,000,000
400,000,000
600,000,000
800,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,200,000,000
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Year
Pop
ulat
ion
Population
Figure 5.9
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2000
Year
Tot
al F
ertil
ity R
ate
Total Fertility Rate
Figure 5.10
Figure 5.11
Figure 5.12
Definitions of Key Terms
• Age-Specific Birth Rate: The number of births to women in a certain age cohort divided by the number of women in that cohort.
• Cohort: All individuals in a certain age range.
• Crude Birth Rate: Annual number of live births per 1,000 population.
• Crude Death Rate: Annual number of deaths per 1,000 population.
• Crude Rate of Natural Increase: The difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.
• Demographic Momentum: Continued population growth long after replacement-level fertility rates have been reached.
• Demographic Transition: A model of population change from an equilibrium with high birth and death rates, through a high-growth transition period in which death rates decline sooner than birth rates, to a new equilibrium with low birth and death rates.
• Equilibrium: A state in which forces of change are in balance.
• Hidden Momentum: Same as demographic momentum.
• Infant Mortality Rate: Number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a year.
• Population Pyramid: A graph showing the number of males and females in discrete age cohorts (age categories).
• Replacement Fertility: The fertility rate at which each female in a population produces on average one female baby who survives to the time when she herself can reproduce.
• Total Fertility Rate: The average number of children a woman would have during her reproductive years assuming the current fertility rates of women across all ages.
• Zero Population Growth: A state in which the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate equals 0. The number of deaths exactly offsets the number of births.
