Chapter 5: Chapter 5:

IT Infrastructure & IT Infrastructure & Emerging TechnologiesEmerging Technologies

Information Systems for Management

Outline

Information Systems for Management

• Electronic Data (bit, byte, larger sizes) • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Main Memory or Storage (RAM, ROM)• Secondary Storage • Computer Speed • Input Devices • Output Devices • Categories of Computers • Client/Server • Peer-to-Peer Computing • Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) • Moore's Law

Information Systems for Management

Electronic Data

Bit – electrical charge exists (meaning 1) or it does not

(0)

Byte: String of bits (usually 8), representing one

character (letter, number)

Kilo Byte (KB) = roughly 1000 Bytes

1 Mega Byte (MB) = 1,000,000 Bytes

1 Giga Byte (GB) = 1,000,000,000 Bytes

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Information Systems for Management

Central Processing Unit and Primary Memory:

Heart of Computer

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Information Systems for Management

The CPU and MemoryCentral Processing Unit

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Control unitClock

Main Memory (Storage), 2 parts:ROM (non-volatile) – programmed by manufacturerRAM (volatile) – memory used for your programs and operating system; PCs today – RAM size in Giga Bytes

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Information Systems for Management

Computer Speed

A CPU placed on a single miniature chip; basis of PC (personal computer)

Speed and performance factorsnumber of bits the computer can process at one time (word length) Speed of the Clock Number of bits that can be moved at one time between the CPU, primary storage & other devices (Data Bus width )

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Information Systems for Management

Computer Speed - Examples

Name Manufacturer Word Length(bits)

Clock Speed(electrical cycles per

second)

Data Bus Width(bits)

Pentium 2 Intel 32 233-450 MHz* 64

Celeron Intel 32 500-2600 MHz 64

Pentium III Intel 32 500-1400 MHz 64

Pentium IV Intel 32 3.2 GHz* 64

Itanium II Intel 64 1.5 GHz 128

Opteron AMD 64 2.6 Ghz 128

MHz = millions of Hertz (measure of speed)GHz = billions of Hertz

Speed increase

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Information Systems for Management

Secondary Storage (Memory)

Long-term, non-changeable

Magnetic:Hard disk Flash drive other (floppy disk, tape)

Optical:CD-ROM (readable or readable and writeable - CD-R/CD-RW)DVD (same as CD-ROM, takes more data)

Secondary storage tech. keep developing and getting cheaper

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Information Systems for Management

Input Devices

Keyboard

Pointing DevicesMouseTouch screen

Readers/Scanners (Bar code reader; Magnetic Ink Recognition)

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Receiver

Voice recognition

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Information Systems for Management

Output Devices

Monitor

PrinterNon impact (laser, inkjet; photo printer)Impact (dot matrix)

Plotter

Voice output (voice synthesizer)

Plotter

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Information Systems for Management

Categories of Computers

Personal Computer (PC)

Desktop (Hewlett-Packard, Dell)

Laptop (IBM ThinkPad, MacBook)

Workstation (Sun, IBM RISC; don’t mix it with “PC

supporting individual work” also called work station)

Midrange Computer (IBM AS 400)

Mainframe (Unisys, Siemens)

Supercomputer (“Deep Blue” – world champion in

chess)

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Client-Server Model

Information Systems for Management

The model (system architecture) is which one computer sends requests for data and processing (CLIENT) and the other delivers these (SERVER)

Multi-tear Client-Server Model

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Information Systems for Management

Peer-to-Peer Computing

Using computer networks (Internet or private) to share

data, storage, and processing tasks, where all

computers are equals (peers).

Music sharing sites; Grid computing

Uses Client-Server model, where each machine can

play either role

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Information Systems for Management

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

TCO includes initial purchasing costs of software and

hardware, costs of licensing, maintenance, ongoing costs

for salaries & facilities (operating costs), training

throughout the life of an IS, downtime (opportunity

costs), energy consumption, disposing used equipment…

Make TCO assessment, not only capital investment

Maintenance costs can be large

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Information Systems for Management

Technology Trends

Superchip

Moore’s Law (computing capabilities double

every 18 months)

Information Appliances

Microminiaturization

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

Smart Card

Chips in every office/home device; connectivity of

devices through various networks

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