Chapter 5 : Entering the Social World: Socioemotional ...testbankcorner.eu/sample/Test Bank for 2015 Human De… · Web view110. Which word wouldleastlikely be found in a description

True / False

1. Erikson suggested that a proper balance between trust and mistrust can result in the acquisition of hope. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TrueREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

2. According to Erikson’s theory, purpose is usually achieved before will. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalseREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

3. Infants rarely become attached to their fathers. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalseREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.2 - How do infants form emotional attachments to mother, father, and other significant people in their lives?

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

4. Babies who exhibit avoidant attachment are not upset when their mothers leave the room. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TrueREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.3 - What are the different kinds of attachment relationships, how do they arise, and what are their consequences?


5. Disorganized attachments are characterized by infant confusion when mom leaves and when she returns. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TrueREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



6. Internal working models involve expectations about parental responsiveness.

a. True b. FalseANSWER: TrueREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



7. Children attending high-quality daycare centers are less likely to be securely attached to their mothers than are children raised in their own homes. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalseREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.4 - attachment jeopardized when parents of infants and young children are employed outside the home?


8. Pain is considered one of the basic emotions. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalseREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

9. Social smiles tend to be in response to seeing another human’s face. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TrueREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

10. Children do not experience complex emotions until they are about 18 months old. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TrueREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.2 - What are complex emotions, and when do they develop?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

11. The expression of anger does not appear to vary by culture. a. True b. FalseANSWER: False

REFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.2 - What are complex emotions, and when do they develop?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

12. Quality of peer relationships is related to an individual’s ability to regulate his or her emotions. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TrueREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.3 - When do children begin to understand other people’s emotions? How do they use this information to guide their own behavior?


13. During parallel play, a child plays individually near other children. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TrueREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.1 - When do youngsters first begin to play with each other? How does play change during infancy and the preschool years?


14. Older children are more likely to engage in cooperative play than younger children. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TrueREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



15. Preschoolers with imaginary friends tend to be less sociable that other preschoolers. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalseREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



16. Constricting play often involves threats. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TrueREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



17. Altruistic behavior involves an expectation of a reward. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalseREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

18. When you experience the feelings of another person, you are experiencing empathy. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TrueREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

19. Parents who model altruism tend to raise more altruistic children. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TrueREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

20. Some gender stereotypes are false beliefs. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TrueREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.1 - What are our stereotypes about males and females? How well do they correspond to actual differences between boys and girls?


21. As toddlers, girls tend to have smaller vocabularies than boys. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalseREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



22. Males tend to be better at interpreting the emotions of others. a. True

b. FalseANSWER: FalseREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



23. The understanding that you are a boy or a girl occurs during gender labeling. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TrueREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

24. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia results in alteration of the genitals of male infants. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalseREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

25. Attachments tend to be fleeting socioemotional relationships. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalseREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



Multiple Choice

26. According to Erikson, what is the foundation of human development? a. Autonomy b. Trust in self and others c. Initiative d. IdentityANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking Critically

27. Which child has mostsuccessfully resolved the “basic trust versus mistrust” stage of psychosocial development?

a. Cecil, who trusts everyone and everything completely b. Shane, who mistrusts everyone, including himself c. Spider, who trusts himself but nobody else d. Brian, who trusts most people but is still somewhat wary of othersANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

28. After reading a book on Eriksonian theory, Farah would most likely describe her trusting one-year-old daughter as possessing a. will. b. generativity. c. hope. d. purpose.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

29. Tiffany is an infant who has acquired hope. Which crisis of psychosocial development has she successfully resolved? a. Autonomy versus shame and doubt b. Initiative versus guilt c. Basic trust versus mistrust d. Identity

ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

30. According to Erikson, how would parents establish trust in their six-month-old? a. Consistently responding to the child’s needs b. Utilize an authoritarian parenting style c. Encourage the immediate resolution of the Oedipal complex d. Avoid excessive displays of affectionANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking Critically

31. Who would Erikson predict to have the greatest sense of will? a. Fiona, who has developed autonomy but experiences some shame and doubt b. Tara, who has developed autonomy and experiences no shame or doubt

c. Bridget, who has developed autonomy and doubt but experiences no shame d. Maeve, who has not developed autonomyANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

32. Carmela is struggling in the “autonomy versus shame and doubt” stage of psychosocial development. What aspect of her psychosocial development will result from her successful resolution of this conflict? a. Hope b. Wariness c. Will d. PurposeANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

33. Autonomy is most synonymous with a. independence. b. guilt. c. joy. d. doubt.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

34. Although Jamie has an enormous amount of initiative, he does not possess “purpose.” According to Erikson, this is probably because Jamie a. has not learned to cooperate with others. b. was never wary of other people. c. has no “will.” d. trusts too much.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

35. Lili has begun to play “teacher,” “mommy,” “doctor,” and “pilot.” Lili is probably in which of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development? a. Autonomy versus shame and doubt b. Initiative versus guilt c. Intimacy versus isolation d. Basic trust versus mistrust

ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

36. Four-year-old Luticia pretends to be a doctor and has begun to realize that she needs to be responsible and cooperate with her parents. According to Erikson, this indicates that she is beginning to achieve a sense of a. trust. b. will. c. intimacy. d. purpose.ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

37. William has noticed that his daughter Bonnie has recently begun to ask a lot of questions like, “What can I be when I grow up?” and “How come the sky is blue?” This behavior is bestassociated with the ____ stage of development. a. autonomy versus shame and doubt b. intimacy versus isolation c. initiative versus guilt d. trust versus mistrustANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

38. Dr. Ginesberg’s lecture on attachment concludes that babies express behavior that makes it more likely they will form attachments to adults because, in the past, infants that expressed these behaviors were the infants whosurvived. Dr. Ginesberg is presenting a(n) ____ approach to attachment. a. sociocultural b. psychological c. anthropological d. evolutionaryANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

39. Who would be most likely to argue that smiling is a common social response because over the history of humanity, individuals who smiled were liked more and allowed to have children? a. Acognitive psychologist b. Abehavioral psychologist

c. An evolutionary psychologist d. Ahumanist psychologistANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



40. As an evolutionary theorist, Dr. Zorba is most likely to believe that a. adaptive behaviors have a hereditary basis. b. cognitive issues are more important than social issues. c. an infant can only attach to its biological mother. d. trust underlies almost all human emotions.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



41. Which individual is mostresponsible for today’s evolutionary view of attachment? a. Erikson b. Bowlby c. Skinner d. PiagetANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

42. Dr. Wilson studies how children form lasting social-emotional relationships with adults. Dr. Wilson is most likely interested in studying a. gender roles. b. basic emotions. c. parallel play. d. attachment.ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



43. Baby Hughie has singled out his mother as someone different from all others. When his mother takes him to a new place, Hughie is able to explore but looks back to his mother every once in a while for reassurance. According to Bowlby, Hughie is most likely in the ____ phase of attachment. a. attachment in the making

b. reciprocal relationships c. preattachment d. true attachmentANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



44. Which is the last of Bowlby’s four phases in the growth of attachment? a. Reciprocal relationships b. Attachment in the making c. True attachment d. PreattachmentANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



45. Eight-month-old Claire is able to crawl around a room on her own, looking back at her mother only occasionally. This indicates that Claire a. is not attached to her mother. b. has “purpose.” c. is in the “initiative versus guilt” stage. d. trusts her mother.ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



46. How could a parent bestencourage attachment in a four-month-old? a. Show continuous interest whenever he or she is around the child b. Learn to judge when the child is receptive to interactions and when he or sheshould be left alone. c. Let the child initiate all social interactions. d. There are no parental behaviors that would influence an infant that young.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



47. Which normally maturing infant would be most likely to have just formed first true attachment? a. Calvin, who is 1day old

b. Kline, who is 4months old c. Hobbs, who is 8months old d. Coolidge, who is 18months oldANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



48. You are the infant’s “playmate.” When distressed, this child does not prefer you, but when the child wants to play, she chooses you. You are probably the child’s a. mother. b. teacher. c. father. d. next-door neighbor.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



49. Which statement on parent-infant early relationships is true? a. Mothers tend to spend more time reading to infants. b. Infants are biologically programmed to attach to mothers. c. Mothers provide better early childcare than fathers. d. When in distress, infants prefer to interact with fathers.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: KEY: Bloom’s: Understand

50. Anthony and Martina are the new parents of a new baby named Zoe and are wondering whether Zoe will attach to them. A developmental psychologist explains to them that if Zoe is a typical baby, she will a. attach to both Anthony and Martina. b. attach only to Martina. c. attach only to Anthony. d. not attach to either Anthony or Martina.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



51. One-year-old Chatava is not upset when her mother leaves the room, and when her mother returns, Chatava turns away from her. Chatava is exhibiting ____ attachment.

a. avoidant b. disorganized c. secure d. resistantANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



52. If Imelda is a typical American infant, you would most likely be correct if you guessed that she exhibits a(n) ____ attachment. a. secure b. avoidant c. resistant d. disorientedANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



53. Elise has been playing alone, upset, by herself in her room. When her mother returns, she is not comforted but seems angry with her mother. Elise is most likely exhibiting a(n) ____ attachment. a. secure b. avoidant c. resistant d. disorientedANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



54. When Faith’s mother leaves her alone in a room, she does not move and appears a bit dazed. Faith is most likely exhibiting a(n) ____ attachment. a. secure b. avoidant c. resistant d. disorganizedANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: KEY: Bloom’s: Apply

55. Securely attached infants tend to show ____ when reunited with a caregiver. a. fear b. rejection c. a need for a brief interaction d. a need for an extended interactionANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking Critically

56. If a parent told you, “My one-year-old and I just participated in a study utilizing a ‘Strange Situation,’” you would most accurately respond, a. “I hope your child is securely attached.” b. “I hope that your child does not have any attention problems.” c. “I hope that your child demonstrated autonomy.” d. “I hope that your spouse took part in the study at the same time.”ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



57. Which type of attachment is characterized by confusion in the infant when the mother leaves and when she returns? a. Secure b. Avoidant c. Resistant d. Disorganized

ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



58. In the Strange Situation test, a(n) ____ remains alone in a room with an infant. a. mother b. observer c. stranger d. second infantANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Factual

59. Attachment is most critical to completing which of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development? a. Autonomy versus shame and doubt b. Trust versus mistrust c. Intimacy versus isolation d. Initiative versus guiltANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



60. Michiko was insecurely attached as an infant. Which behavior is least likely to occur? a. Michiko is usually calm when interacting with other children. b. Michiko does not have as many friends as most children. c. Michiko does not display adequate social skills with her peers. d. Michiko has a difficult time resolving conflicts with others.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



61. A secure infant attachment predicts ____ during later childhood. a. greater intelligence b. more capable peer interactions c. greater independence d. nothingANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



62. Which baby is mostlikely to be insecurely attached? a. Isabelle, whose parents play with her frequently b. Maud, whose parents are very affectionate toward her c. Jessica, whose parents tend to not respond to her crying d. Holly, whose parents often express happiness toward herANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



63. What advice should you give to a parent who wants hisor her two-month-old to form a secure attachment? a. “Be responsive and caring.” b. “Avoid discipline.” c. “Just be yourself.” d. “Don’t bottle-feed.”ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



64. The fact that infant Ricardo has come to expect that his mother is available when he needs her means that Ricardo has developed a. temperament. b. parallel play. c. an internal working model. d. autonomy.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



65. If two-year-old Kelly had an internal working model, she would a. believe that inanimate objects have the ability to move and breathe. b. expect her mom to respond when she is upset. c. talk to herself out loud. d. form an insecure attachment to her parents.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



66. From an infant’s perspective, what is themostcritical factor in establishing a secure attachment? a. Having no congenital birth defects b. Having a dependable caregiver c. Having few sibling rivals d. Having a caregiver who loves him or herANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



67. How does temperament contribute to attachment? a. Infants with easygoing temperaments are more likely to form disorganized attachments. b. Infants with difficult temperaments are less likely to form secure attachments. c. Infants with moms who have rigid temperaments tend to form secure attachments. d. Infants with any type of temperament are equally likely to form secure attachments.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



68. How does temperament contribute to attachment? a. Infants with easygoing temperaments are more likely to form disorganized attachments. b. Infants with difficult temperaments are less likely to form secure attachments. c. Infants with moms who have rigid temperaments tend to form secure attachments. d. Infants with any type of temperament are equally likely to form secure attachments.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



69. What is thebest example of a psychological force in the development of attachment? a. An infant’s smiling and crying behavior b. An infant’s internal working model c. The mother’s responsiveness to her infant d. The infant’s temperamentANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



70. Elita is feeling guilty about sending her 18-month-old off to daycare. Assuming Elita is sending her daughter to a quality daycare center, should she be worried? a. Yes. Children younger than two who are in daycare experience far more negative effects than

positive effects. b. Yes, but only because her child is female. c. No, as long as Elita provides “good mothering” when she’s with the child at home d. No, because daycare makes children more cooperative.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



71. Research indicates that sending a young child to a high-quality daycare has ____ effects on toddler’s attachment to their mothers. a. slightly negative b. devastating c. first adverse and then positive d. noANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



72. Which aspect of a local daycare’s advertisement would be inconsistent with your text’s description of quality daycare? a. Low teacher/student ratios b. Many educational programs c. New, energetic staff each day d. Regular, frequent parent-teacher meetingsANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



73. Which combination bestpredicts an insecure attachment? a. Insensitive mother and any daycare b. Insensitive mother and low-quality daycare c. Sensitive mother and any daycare d. Sensitive mother and low-quality daycareANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



74. Which statement is trueregarding basic emotions? a. They are experienced by people in all cultures. b. They have a self-evaluative component. c. Most of them begin to develop after 12months. d. They are not reflected in facial expressions.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

75. What isnot be considered a basic emotion?

a. Pride b. Surprise c. Anger d. FearANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

76. What is not an element of a basic emotion? a. Asubjective feeling b. Athoughtful consideration c. Aphysiological change d. An overt behaviorANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

77. A frown is a ____ manifestation of an emotion. a. physiological b. subjective c. behavioral d. biologicalANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

78. You are studying the basic emotions of 11-month-oldsfrom the United States and China. What differences would you expect in how these basic emotions are expressed? a. Chinese infants will cry and smile less than American infants. b. American infants will be less expressive than Chinese infants. c. Chinese infants will be more expressive of pain; American infants will be more expressive of “joy.” d. Chinese infants are more likely to express disgust.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

79. An increase in heartrate is a ____ manifestation of an emotion. a. sociocultural b. subjective c. behavioral

d. physiologicalANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

80. After playing by herself for a while, young Annika smiles when she sees the face of her father. What term best describes this response? a. Social smile b. Cooperative play c. Parallel play d. Social referencingANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

81. We would know that two-month-old Brenda is exhibiting a social smile when she smiles in response to a. waking up from a nap. b. seeing her mother’s face. c. finishing a meal. d. a cat’s tail brushing up against her.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

82. Which normally developing child would be most likely to have just begun to experience the emotion of anger? a. Brett, who is 5 days old b. Payton, who is 5 months old c. Tom, who is 15 months old d. Carson, who is 5 years oldANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

83. Which action would be the most likely cause of anger in a six-month-old? a. Showing them a picture of a stranger b. Introducing them to a new loud sound c. Having them smell a rotten egg d. Taking a ball out of their handsANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging Emotions

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

84. Who has most likely just developed stranger wariness? a. Betsy, who just learned to roll over b. Leon, who just learned to crawl c. Calvin, who just learned to walk d. Lisa, who just started schoolANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

85. Seven-month-old Gavin seems very content being held by his mother. When the neighbor from across the street comes over to greet Gavin, he turns his head away from the neighbor and starts to cry. What term best explains Gavin’s response to the neighbor? a. Social smile b. Resistant attachment c. Social referencing d. Stranger warinessANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

86. Pride, embarrassment, and guilt are all examples of a. insecure attachment. b. complex emotions. c. constricting actions. d. basic emotions.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.2 - What are complex emotions, and when do they develop?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

87. Complex emotions differ from basic emotions in that complex emotions require some understanding of a. self. b. biology. c. waking states. d. purpose.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.2 - What are complex emotions, and when do they develop?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking Critically

88. Dr. Dundee believes that he has discovered a new childhood emotion that is particular to certain native Australian cultures. If he is accurate, he has most likely discovered a new a. social smile. b. basic emotion. c. temperament. d. complex emotion.ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.2 - What are complex emotions, and when do they develop?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

89. Who is most likely exhibiting a complex emotion? a. Fyodor, who expresses joy when being held by his mother b. Alyosha, who is angry at her mother c. Dmitri, who is afraid of the neighbor’s pet dog d. Katarina, who is proud of her art projectANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.2 - What are complex emotions, and when do they develop?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

90. Research results have provided evidence that the ability to distinguish facial features associated with different emotions first develops as early as ____ of age. a. 2 weeks b. 1 month c. 4 months d. 8 monthsANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



91. One-year-old Kendra looks at her mother before entering a new room in a strange house. When her mother smiles, Kendra proceeds to enter the room. This is an example of a. a social smile. b. a complex emotion. c. social referencing. d. stranger wariness.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



92. One-year-old Mathieu is afraid of the dog because he saw his father react with fear to the same dog. Which term best explains why Mathieu is afraid? a. Stranger wariness b. Social referencing c. Complex emotions d. Avoidant attachmentANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



93. An example of ____ occurs when a child interprets her parent’s facial expression as a cue to determine whether or not to pick up a strange object. a. secure attachment b. social referencing c. resistant attachment d. stranger warinessANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



94. When Adam walks into the dark basement, he feels afraid but is able to calm himself down by saying to himself, “Don’t be afraid. There’s nothing down here that can hurt you.” Apparently, Adam is successfully a. engaging in solitary play. b. expressing complex emotions. c. regulating his emotions. d. utilizing social referencing.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



95. Jaunita is a typical six-month-old. How is she most likely to regulate her emotions if she sees a scary object? a. She will look away from the object. b. She will make a sad face. c. She will stare back and try to frighten the object away. d. She will make no attempt to regulate her emotions.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



96. Which would be the leastsophisticated way for a child to deal with fear of a doctor? a. Tell himselfthat heonly hasto visit the doctor once a year. b. Try to see the event in a positive light (i.e., hewill be healthier). c. Hug mommy when the doctor approaches. d. Think about something pleasant while having a checkup.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



97. Stan is playing with his ball, and Olly is playing with his doll, but they are each watching what the other is doing. Stan and Olly are most likely involved in a. cooperative play. b. parallel play. c. simple social play d. prosocial behavior.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



98. The phrase, “interest but no interaction,” best describes ____ play. a. cooperative b. simple social c. parallel d. make-believeANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking

99. Bud and Lou are both playing with blocks. Though they are playing, they smile at each other and trade blocks from time to time. It is most likelythat Bud and Lou are involved in a. cooperative play. b. parallel play. c. simple social play. d. prosocial behavior.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



100. Children typically begin to exhibit simple social play around ____ months of age. a. 18 b. 24 c. 30 d. 36ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: KEY: Bloom’s: Understand

101. Alexandra and Anders are playing a game where Anders hides a stuffed animal and Alexandra tries to find it. When she does, Alexandra hides the stuffed animal and Anders tries to find it. This is an example of ____ play. a. parallel b. prosocial c. cooperative d. simple socialANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



102. Franklin and Benjamin are pretending to go to school. Franklin is pretending to be the teacher, and Benjamin is pretending to be the student. What sort of interaction does this exemplify? a. Parallel play b. Cooperative play c. Simple social play d. Constricting actionsANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



103. While the typical 1 1/2-year-old spends the majority of time engaged in ____ play, the typical 4-year-old spends most of his or hertime in ____ play. a. cooperative; simple social b. parallel; cooperative c. simple social; parallel d. parallel; simple socialANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



104. Walt is a preschooler who has an imaginary friend mouse named Mickey. According to recent research, it is most likelythat Walt a. is insecurely attached. b. has not received enough dispositional praise. c. has few “real” friends relative to other preschoolers. d. is a typical preschooler.ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



105. Which statement is true regarding make-believe? a. Children make-believe the same things in all cultures. b. It is a sign of emotional disturbance. c. It seems to promote cognitive development. d. It always involves imaginary companions.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



106. Omero is a preschooler who has an imaginary friend. Which best describes Omero relative to his peers without imaginary friends? a. Emotionally disturbed b. Sociable c. Few friends d. Low intelligenceANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



107. Five-year-old Lou has a vivid imagination and an imaginary friend. How would this affect Lou’s ability to distinguish between fantasy and reality? a. He is more likely than other children his age to believe that cartoon characters are “real.” b. He is more likely than other children his age to believe that “magic” is “real.” c. He is less likely than other children his age to want to play games that involve pretending.

d. His imagination has virtually no impact on his ability to separate fantasy and reality.ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



108. Which sort of solitary play would most likely be unhealthy? a. Watching other children play without joining them b. Sitting in a room, building an imaginary city out of plastic building blocks c. Drawing and coloring d. Completing a series of puzzles in a puzzle bookANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



109. As a typical prepubescent female, Rihanna will prefer to a. play with boys regardless of the game. b. play with girls regardless of the game. c. play “house” with girls and football with boys. d. play “house” with boys and football with girls.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



110. Which word wouldleastlikely be found in a description of “boys play?” a. Competitive b. Cooperative c. Rough d. IntimidationANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



111. Will is playing Ferrell in a game and attempts to win by saying, “If you try to do well, I will smack you!” What term best describes this statement? a. Parallel play b. Social referencing c. Constricting action

d. Enabling actionANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



112. Which term does not fit with the notion of “constricting”during play? a. Exaggeration b. Threats c. Contradiction d. SupportANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



113. Michelle and Warren are building a playhouse. Michelle says to Warren, “How about I help you with your part, then you help me with mine?” This offer would be an example of a. an enabling action. b. parallel play. c. a constricting action. d. altruism.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



114. Concerning play, which statement best exemplifies enabling? a. “You are doing great, keep going.” b. “You are in for a world of hurt if you win.” c. “I am so much better than you.” d. “I have never played that before.”ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



115. Which is trueof childhood play? a. Both boys and girls tend to favor enabling over constricting. b. Both boys and girls tend to favor constricting over enabling. c. Boys tend to favor enabling and girls tend to favor constricting.

d. Boys tend to favor constricting and girls tend to favor enabling.ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



116. Which exemplifies the notion of parent as social director during play? a. Aparent who likes to play directly with his or herchild b. Aparent who actively encourages his or herchild to play with others c. Aparent who steps in to resolve disputes between his or herchild and other children d. Aparent who teaches his or herchild skills that will make the childbetter at a gameANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



117. Hulk often has to step in and solve disagreements between his son Hogan and his daughter Brooke. This action best reflects the idea of a parent a a. playmate. b. social director. c. coach. d. mediator.ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



118. Which statement best describes parental influence on play? a. All coaching is beneficial. b. Good coaching is never that good. c. Bad coaching is worse than no coaching at all. d. Avoiding coaching is the best option.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



119. Using scaffolding would be most beneficial for a preschool parent acting as a ____ during play. a. playmate b. social director c. mediator

d. constrictorANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



120. All acts of altruistic behavior are also a. prosocial behaviors. b. basic emotions. c. examples of dispositional praise. d. social roles.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking Critically

121. Urvashi decides to help her friend find her lost cat because her friend is likely to give her a reward. This is an example of a. prosocial behavior. b. altruism. c. empathy. d. simple social play.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

122. Solomon places a large cash amount into the hand of a street person. What would make this an act of altruism? a. Solomon does not expect any reciprocation for his act. b. Solomon is given a bag of cans in return. c. Solomon feels pity for the person as he gives him the cash. d. Solomon has a habit of engaging in these types of activities.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

123. Basic acts of altruistic behavior first appear around ____ months of age. a. 12 b. 18 c. 24 d. 30ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

124. Young Jim experiences the sadness of his friend Abdul when Abdul’s dog runs away. Jim is exhibiting a. empathy. b. altruism. c. cooperative behavior. d. sympathy.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

125. The fact that young children are so ____ may interfere with their ability to engage in altruistic behaviors. a. purposeful b. accommodating c. sympathetic d. egocentricANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking Critically

126. Perspective taking is to empathy as a. purpose is to will. b. caring is to helping. c. social play is to parallel play. d. a cognitive act is to an emotional act.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking Critically

127. Which child is most likely to act altruistically toward Gunter, who is having a very difficult time learning how to skate? a. Jerzy, who is not very good at skating b. Tetsuro, who is feeling happy c. Spike, who was yelled at by the rink attendant only minutes ago d. Ruby, who would have to miss her only ride home in order to help GunterANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

128. With which person is Rosalind most likely to act altruistically? a. Demi, whom Rosalind has never met b. Masja, who was in Rosalind’s class last year c. Hayley, who is Rosalind’s little sister d. Dianne, who is a friend of Rosalind’s motherANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

129. Which thought has been shown to increase the odds of a child engaging in an altruistic act? a. “I think that this will cost a lot, but it will be worth it.” b. “I think that doing this will make me feel better.” c. “I think that this will make me a better person.” d. “I think I have what they need.”ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

130. Altruistic acts in children tend to occur when the cost of the act is a. low. b. high. c. not known in advance. d. expected to be immediately recouped.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking Critically

131. The most effective way for Hera to get her son young Zeus to become more prosocial would be to a. act lazy herselfso he can see how unhelpful that behavior is. b. criticize him for being so lazy and unhelpful. c. show him bad things that happen to people whodon’t help. d. offer him chances to help bring in the groceries.ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

132. Which is the best advice for parents wishing to socialize altruistic behavior in their child? a. Don’t model altruism. b. Don’t force altruistic behavior by threat. c. Don’t provide opportunities to practice altruism.

d. Don’t believe that parenting behavior can impact altruism.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking Critically

133. One of the most effective ways for Dottie to get her child to engage in altruistic behavior is for Dottie to a. avoid discipline. b. not dwell on or praise any spontaneous acts of altruism she observes in her child. c. model the behavior herself. d. do nothing and let the child’s natural altruistic instinct take over.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

134. Parents who incorporate ____ into their discipline are most likely to encourage altruistic behavior. a. reasoning b. parallel play c. ethology d. punishmentANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

135. A social role is best described as a(n) a. cultural guideline for interacting with other people. b. biosocial impact on behavior. c. individual attachment style. d. way of behaving that is not tied to culture.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



136. On her way to visiting Malaysia for the first time, Joan wonders what the people there will expect from her during their interactions. Joan is concerned about a. dispositional praise. b. prosocial behavior. c. altruism. d. social roles.ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender Identity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:



137. The reason that students are expected to act differently than professors is because they represent different a. prosocial behaviors. b. social roles. c. gender identities. d. gender stereotypes.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



138. Male and female social roles are a. virtually identical. b. inherited. c. culturally defined. d. indistinguishable.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



139. Gender-role stereotypes involve beliefs that a. are never true. b. are always true. c. are always true, but only in a specific culture. d. are sometimes true.ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



140. Phil believes that all women are emotional, physically weak, and interested in cooking. Phil’s beliefs about women would best be described as a. a social role. b. altruistic. c. accurate. d. a gender stereotype.ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender Identity




141. Which person is most likely using a gender stereotype to describe Erin? a. Elvis: “Erin is mean. I saw her push someone on the playground.” b. Graham: “Erin really likes cooking. Every week, she bakes a batch of cookies and brings them to

class.” c. Roddy: “Erin is like all females, intelligent and understanding.” d. Christopher: “Erin is different from anyone else I have ever met, she is really weird.”ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



142. Gender stereotypes influence behavior by providing a. an explanation for biological differences between males and females. b. accurate sex-based information. c. the world with a set of universal guidelines. d. a set of behavioral expectations.ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



143. If he is like mostpreschoolers, Dougie is likely to believe that girls are a. physically aggressive. b. strong and dominant. c. verbally aggressive. d. capable of playing football.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



144. Which description of the sex difference in spatial ability is the most accurate? a. Most boys perform better on tests of spatial ability than the brightest girl. b. Girls perform better on tests of spatial ability than boys. c. Girls and boys score equally on tests of spatial ability. d. Average tests scores of spatial ability are higher for boys than girls.ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender Identity




145. With regard to social roles, female activities are typically more a. demanding. b. solitary. c. strenuous. d. outside the home.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



146. Which finding is not consistent with research studies of sex differences? a. Males are more aggressive. b. Males are more likely to comply with the directions of adults. c. Females are less likely to have language-related problems. d. Females receive higher grades in math courses.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



147. On average, boys are ____ than girls. a. better able to express emotions b. less aggressive c. better at spatial tasks d. more readily influenced by othersANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



148. Katie is upset with her friend Leslie. In order to “get even” with her, she tries to make Leslie’s other friends mad at Leslie by making up stories about her. What is this sort of behavior called? a. Physical aggression b. Gender labeling c. Relational aggression d. Verbal aggressionANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender Identity




149. As a typical 10-year-old American female, Brianna is more likely to ____ than a same-age male counterpart. a. be aggressive b. have a smaller vocabulary c. be emotionally expressive d. score highly on a test of spatial abilityANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



150. Kyle and Sharon have a young daughter and a young son. As typical parents, they most likely treat their children the same except when it deals with a. doing well in school. b. showing them affection. c. rough-and-tumble play. d. encouraging them to be independent.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

151. As a typical American father, Hans would be most upset if his son Franz a. was aggressive. b. wanted to play “house.” c. showed affection toward him. d. engaged in sex-role stereotype behaviors.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

152. Billie is a seven-year-old boy who likes to play house and play with dolls. How would his peers be most likely to react to this behavior? a. Both girls and boys would be accepting. b. Girls would be accepting, and boys would be rejecting. c. Boys would be accepting, and girls would be rejecting. d. Both girls and boys would be rejecting.ANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender Identity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

153. Lisa believes that she cannot play football because “I’m a girl, and girls aren’t supposed to play football.” This belief is most likely an aspect of Lisa’s a. insecure attachment. b. prosocial behavior. c. gender identity. d. self-esteem.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

154. Dwight’s statement, “I am a boy,” is an example of a. gender stability. b. gender labeling. c. a gender-role stereotype d. gender constancy.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

155. The statement “girls always grow up to be women” provides an example of a. gender stability. b. gender-role stereotyping. c. the one-to-one principle. d. a gender role.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4. - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking Critically

156. When three-year-old Juan, who is male, says “I’m going to grow up to be a mommy,” he is failing to demonstrate a. gender identity. b. gender stability. c. gender labeling. d. will.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

157. When Sara thinks about herself, she has a sense that she is a girl. On the basis of this, you could say for certain that Sara has developed a. gender identity. b. gender stability. c. gender constancy. d. gender-role stereotypes.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

158. David is a five-year-old who knows that he is a boy, and that he is a boy whether he’s playing with his toys or his sister’s toys. This indicates that David has developed a. prosocial behavior. b. gender stability. c. cooperative play. d. social roles.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

159. Ben sees a group of girls playing in the sand and decides that playing in the sand is for girls. Ben’s behavior illustrates the concept of ____. a. a. gender-schema theory. b. gender stability c. gender identity. d. gender labeling.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

160. After children understand gender, there are changes in their behavior toward more gender-specific preferences. Which preferences do not change during this period of development? a. Preferences in certain TV programs b. Preferences in certain toys c. Preferences in certain activities d. Preferences in certain foodsANSWER: dREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

161. Which statement is FALSE with regard to gender-schema theory? a. The theory requires understanding of gender stability.

b. The theory involves learning about gender-typical behavior. c. Children who refer to themselves by gender play less often with gender-stereotyped toys. d. Children who do not refer to themselves by gender play less often with gender-stereotyped toys.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking Critically

162. According to gender-schema theory, in order to decide where to learn more about an object, a child must first a. play with the object. b. decide whether the object is associated with females or males. c. develop gender constancy. d. be reinforced for interacting with the object.ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking Critically

163. Which quote is most reflective of the use of a gender schema? a. “I am a boy.” b. “Is soccer for boys or for girls?” c. “You are a boy.” d. “Will you help me build this bridge?”ANSWER: bREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

164. A gender-schema theorist would be most likely to argue that young children are a. born with a basic gender identity. b. uninfluenced by environmental experiences with gender-based behaviors. c. constantly looking for cues about gender. d. uninterested in gender.ANSWER: cREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking Critically

165. Tina is a girl who has congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This means that it is more likely that Tina will prefer ____ more than other girls. a. playing with dolls b. playing with girls c. masculine activities d. attaching to her motherANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

166. Results from the Family Lifestyles Project indicate that children raised by counterculture parents are different from children raised by parents with more traditional values in that a. they have few stereotypes regarding occupations. b. they play with same-sex peers. c. the boys enjoy physical play. d. the girls enjoy reading and drawing.ANSWER: aREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.3 - How are gender roles changing? What further changes might the future hold?


Completion

167. Erikson suggested that a child who is able to successfully balance autonomy with shame and doubt will develop a sense of _______________.ANSWER: willREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

168. _______________ psychology focuses on behaviors that represent successful adaptations to the environment.ANSWER: EvolutionaryREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



169. Most American children exhibit _______________ attachment relationships.ANSWER: secureREFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



170. The three elements of basic emotions are a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and a(n) _______________.ANSWER: overt behaviorREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

171. When infants look to a parent to get cues about whether or not a new situation is safe, they are exhibiting social

_______________.ANSWER: referencingREFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



172. When children are playing by themselves but are watching each other while they do so, they are engaging in _______________ play.ANSWER: parallelREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



173. Aimless wandering by one’s self represents an unhealthy form of _______________ play.ANSWER: solitaryREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



174. During play, _______________ actions tend to support others and lead to sustained play.ANSWER: enablingREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



175. _______________ is a form of prosocial behavior in which there is no expectation of direct benefit for one’s actions.ANSWER: AltruismREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

176. _______________ is the actual experiencing of another’s feelings.ANSWER: EmpathyREFERENCES: 5.3 Interacting with OthersLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

177. Beliefs and images about males and females that may or may not be true are called gender _______________.ANSWER: stereotypesREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



178. An attempt to hurt another by damaging his or her peer relationships is referred to as _______________ aggression.ANSWER: relationalREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



179. Having a sense of yourself as male or female is best described as your gender _______________.ANSWER: identityREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

180. Understanding that a preschool boy must grow up to be a man represents a comprehension of gender _______________.ANSWER: stabilityREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

181. Congenital adrenal _______________ is a disorder that results in females having male-like genitalia.ANSWER: hyperplasiaREFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

Essay

182. Define Erikson’s notions of hope, will, and purpose. How do these relate to the first three stages of social development?ANSWER:

Hope is an openness to new experience tempered by wariness that discomfort or danger may arise. It is acquired after infants develop a balance of trust and mistrust during the first stage of social development. Will is the knowledge that within limits, youngsters can act on their world intentionally. It is acquired after children develop a blend of autonomy, shame, and doubt during the second stage of development. Purpose is a balance between individual initiative and the willingness to cooperate with others. It is acquired after children moderate initiative and guilt during the third stage of development.

REFERENCES: 5.1 Beginnings: Trust and AttachmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KAIL.HDEV.16.5.1.1 - What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?


183. Describe Bowlby’s four phases of attachment growth.ANSWER: (1) Preattachment (birth to 6-8 weeks) involves the interactive system that is created when infant

behavior evokes responses in adults.(2) Attachment in the making (6-8 weeks to 6-8 months) is characterized by babies gradually

identifying the primary caregiver as the person they can depend on when they’re anxious or distressed.(3)True attachment (6-8 months to 18 months) occurs when there is an attachment figure who is the infant’s stable socioemotional base.(4) Reciprocal relationships (18 months on) occur when infants become true partners in the attachment relationship.




184. Describe the four major types of attachments. Then discuss how internal working models impact the quality of attachments.ANSWER:

A secure attachment represents a relationship in which infants have come to trust and depend on their mothers. Avoidant attachment is a relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation. Resistant attachment is a relationship in which, after a brief separation, infants want to be held but are difficult to console. Disorganized attachment is a relationship in which infants don’t seem to understand what’s happening when they are separated and later reuinited with their mothers. An infant’s internal working model is a set of expectations about parents’ availability and responsiveness in general and in times of stress. It is believed to influence close relationships throughout the child’s life. The type of attachment infants have with their primary caregivers influence their internal beliefs and expectations about that relationship and, in turn, impacts the quality of future attachments and relationships.




185. You are opening a new daycare center. Describe four actions you could take at your center to foster secure attachments in the children who attend it.ANSWER: (1) Make sure there is a small number of children per caregiver

(2) Employ well-trained caregivers(3) Employ caregivers that are responsive to children(4) Provide age-appropriate stimulating activities(5) Communicate well with parents




186. Describe the differences between basic and complex emotions in terms of what they are, how they are assessed, and when they develop.ANSWER:

Basic emotions are experienced by humankind and consist of three elements: a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior. Some examples of basic emotions are happiness, anger, fear, and disgust. Scientists measure infants’ facial expressions and other overt behaviors to assess basic emotions. They emerge between birth and 9 months. Complex emotions are responses to meeting or failing to meet expectations or standards. They depend

on the child having some understanding of the self. Some examples of complex emotions are pride, guilt, and embarrassment. Facial expressions and other overt behaviors are also used to assess complex emotions. They emerge between 18 to 24 months.

REFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KAIL.HDEV.16.5.2.1 - At what ages do children begin to express basic emotions?


187. Describe how social referencing could be used to help explain how a child might acquire a fear through modeling.ANSWER: Social referencing occurs when a child looks at the face of an adult (often a parent) when in a new or

ambiguous situation. If mom or dads show a reaction of fear in this situation, a child might mimic (model) this response and begin to show a fear response to this situation.

REFERENCES: 5.2 Emerging EmotionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



188. Chucky is a nasty boy who does not like to help other people. Describe three things Chucky’s parents could do to make it more likely that Chucky will help other people.ANSWER:

(1) Modeling: When children see adults helping and caring for others, they often imitate such prosocial behavior.(2) Disciplinary practices: Children behave prosocially more often when their parents are warm and supportive, set guidelines, and provide feedback.(3) Opportunities to behave prosocially: Children are more likely to act prosocially when they are routinely given the opportunity to help and cooperate with others.


KAIL.HDEV.16.5.3.2 - What determines whether children help one another?


189. Phil and Lil are both playing with dolls in the same room. Use them in examples of parallel, simple social, and cooperative play.ANSWER: During parallel play, Phil and Lil would intently watch each other play but would not directly interact.

During simple social play, Phil and Lil would engage in similar activities (e.g., each building a sand castle) and would talk and/or smile at each other. During cooperative play, Phil and Lil would directly interact with each other during some organized activity (e.g., playing tag with each other).




190. Discuss gender differences in play behavior. Be sure to comment on both enabling and constricting actions.ANSWER: Boys prefer rough-and-tumble play and generally are more competitive and dominating in

their interactions. Girls’ play is more cooperative, prosocial, and conversation-oriented. Girls’ interactions with one another are typically enabling which means that their actions and remarks tend to support others and sustain the interaction. In contrast, boys’ interactions are often constricting which means that one partner tries to emerge as the victor by threatening or contradicting the other, by exaggerating, and so on.




191. Describe the actual differences between boys and girls that is supported by research.ANSWER: Verbal ability: Girls have larger vocabularies than boys and are more talkative.

Mathematics: During elementary school years, girls are usually more advanced than boys in math. During high school and college, there are no differences in math skills.Spatial ability: During childhood and adolescence, boys have better mental-rotation skills than girls.Memory: Research shows that girls and women have better memory skills than boys and men.Social influence: Girls are more likely than boys to comply with the directions of adults.Aggression: Boys are more physically aggressive than girls while girls are more likely to resort to relational aggression.Emotional sensitivity: Girls identify facial expressions more accurately than boys. Girls are more likely to express happiness and sadness, but boys are more likely to express anger.Effortful control: Girls are more skilled at regulating their behavior, inhibiting inappropriate responding, and to focus their attention than boys.

REFERENCES: 5.4 Gender Roles and Gender IdentityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



192. Describe parental and peer influences the development of gender typing.ANSWER: Parents respond differently to sons and daughters in their behavior related to gender roles.

Parents tolerate mild aggression in sons to a greater degree than in daughters. Fathers are more likely than mothers to treat sons and daughters differently. For example, fathers punish their sons more, but accept dependence in their daughters. Peers are critical of and punishing toward peers who engage in gender-inappropriate play. The segregation of playmates based on a child’s gender also helps solidify a youngster’s emerging sense of membership in a particular gender group.


KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?


193. Describe gender-schema theory and include two gender-related factors that have be present. Give three examples that illustrate gender-schema theory in action.ANSWER: Gender-schema theory states that children want to learn more about an activity only after first

deciding whether it is masculine or feminine. Children must first have developed a gender identity and gender stability. Once children know their gender, they pay attention primarily to experiences and events that are gender-appropriate. One example is a boy who sees boys playing football will decide that football is for boys and that because he is a boy, football is acceptable and he should learn more about it. Another example is a girl who sees her female peers playing with Monster High dolls and goes home and asks her mother for Monster High dolls for her birthday. A third example is a boy who sees male peers playing out “Spiderman” episodes and goes home and watches that particular TV show.


KAIL.HDEV.16.5.4.2 - How do young children learn gender roles?


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