HEY. :) May this ppt slide may somehow help in your acads. :D
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1. PEERS
2. FRIENDSHIP Voluntary relationship between two people
involving mutual link.
3. The key elements of friendship for younger children (4 or 5)
are that children like each other and enjoy paying together. For
older elementary-school children (ages 8-11) mutual liking and
shared activities are joined by features that are more
psychological in nature: TRUST and LOYALTY New to Adolescence are
INTIMACY and LOYALTY
4. FRIENDS Alike in Age, Gender, and Race Treat each other as
equals. Alike in attitudes towards school, recreation, drug use,
and plans in the future. Children with same and opposite-sex
friendships tend to be very well adjusted. Children with only
opposite-sex friendships tend to be unpopular, to be less competent
academically and socially, and to have lower self-esteem or
socially unskilled.
5. QUALITY & CONSEQUENCES OF FRIENDHIPS Children with good
friends have Higher Self-Esteem Less likely to be lonely and
depressed Cope better with life stresses Less likely to be
victimized by peers Have greater self-work as young adults
6. Co-rumination Conversations about ones personal problems,
common among adolescent girls. When aggressive children are
friends, they often encourage each others aggressive behavior.
7. GROUPS Clique small group of friends who are similar in age,
sex, and race Crowd large group including many cliques that have
similar attitudes and values Youths from high-status crowds tend to
have greater self-esteem than those from low-status crowds.
8. Authoritative Parenting (warm but controlling) Children who
become involved with crowds that endorse adults standards of
behavior. (ex. Normals, Jocks, Brains) Neglectful/Permissive
Parenting children are less likely to identify with adult standards
of behavior that dis** adult standards (e.g. Druggies) Dominance
Hierarchy ordering of individuals within a group in which group
members with lower status differ to those with greater status
9. Peer pressure characterized as an irresistible, harmful
force; has negative and positive sides Peer influence is stronger
when these conditions are present: Youth are younger and more
socially anxious Peers have higher status Peers are friends
Standards for appropriate behavior are not clear-cut
10. POPULARITY & REJECTION Popular Children children who
are liked by many classmates Rejected Children children who are
disliked by many classmates Controversial Children both liked and
disliked by classmates Average Children are liked and disliked by
some classmates but without the intensity found for popular,
rejected, or controversial children Neglected Children are ignored
by classmates
11. Peer rejection can be traced to the influences of parents.
Banduras social cognitive theory Parents who are friendly and
cooperative demonstrate effective social skills for their children.
Parents who are belligerent and combative demonstrate tactics that
are much less effective.
12. Parents also contribute to their childrens social skills
and popularity through their disciplinary practices. Inconsistent
discipline associated with antisocial, aggressive behavior
Consistent punishment (does not rely on power but it is tied to
parental love and affection) promote social skills and
popularity
13. AGGRESSIVE CHILDREN & THEIR VICTIMS Instrumental
Aggression aggression used to achieve explicit goals Hostile
Aggression unprovoked aggression that seems to have the sole goal
of intimidating, harassing or humiliating another child Relational
Aggression children try to hurt others by undermining their social
relationships
14. When children are chronic victims of aggression Lonely
Anxious Depressed Dislike school Have low self-esteem
15. ELECTRONIC MEDIA
16. TV Children become more aggressive after viewing violence
on television. Help children learn to be more generous and
cooperative and have higher self-control Help children learn
important academic skills and social skills COMPUTERS
17. UNDERSTANDING OTHERS As children develop more sophisticated
cognitive processes cause self-description to become richer, more
abstract, and more psychological. Robert Selman as children
develop, they become able to take the perspective of other people;
Stages of Perspective Taking
18. SELMANS STAGE OF PERSPECTIVE TAKING Stage Approx. Ages
Description Undifferentiated 3-6 years Children know that self and
others can have different thoughts and feelings but often confuse
the two . Socialinformational 4-9 years Children know that
perspectives differ because people have access to different
information. Self-reflective 7-12 years Children can step into
anothers shoes and view themselves as others do: they know that
others can do the same. Third-person 10-15 years Children can step
outside of the immediate situation to see how they and another
person are viewed by a third person. Societal 14 years to adult
Adolescents realize that a third-person perspective is influenced
by broader personal, social, and cultural contexts.
19. Recursive thinking thoughts that focus on what another
person is thinking Prejudice a view of other people, usually
negative, that is based on their membership in a specific
group
20. Prepared By: LAIRA DEE A. BAROQUILLO BS-PSYCHOLOGY
MSU-IIT