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Chapter 45The Human Body
Your job……
• In the upcoming slides move the words to the appropriate blank areas.
• Example- This is an presentation
amazing
I. The Human Body – An OrientationI. The Human Body – An Orientation
A. Anatomy – study of the and
of the body and its parts.
B. Physiology – study of the body and its parts or
structure shapehow
function work
A. Gross Anatomy
B. Microscopic Anatomy
II. Anatomy – Levels of StudyII. Anatomy – Levels of Study
Gross Anatomy- study of the, , structures and parts of a body that are to the naked eye. Also called macroscopic anatomy.
• Large
• Easily observable
visible
organs
structures
Microscopic Anatomy-the study of microscopic structures of and
• Very small structures
• Can only be viewed with a
tissues
organs
microscope
A. The levels of structural organization
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
III. Levels of Structural OrganizationIII. Levels of Structural Organization
Cells
TissueOrgan Organism
Organ System
Chemical/Molecular
Six
Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization
B. How the Levels of Organization are Functionally Connected
1. An aggregation of similarly
which together perform certain special functions are a .
2. A group of tissues that perform a or group of functions are an .
3. A group of organs that to perform a complex function are an .
work togetherspecific function
Organ System specialized cells
Tissue
Organ
IV. Body TissuesIV. Body TissuesA. composed of contractile cells for
movement.
B. contains cells that receive and transmit messages.
C. consists of layers of cells that line or cover all internal and external body surfaces.
D. characterized by cells that are embedded in large amounts of an intercellular substance called matrix.
Muscle Tissue- Nervous Tissue- Epithelial Tissue-
Connective Tissue-
E. Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal Muscle- muscle that powers movement of the in your trunk, limbs, and . (Striated, Multinucleated)
2. Smooth Muscle- surrounds and internal organs, such as the stomach, intestine,
and bladder. (Un-striated, uninucleated)
3. Muscle- found only in the heart. (Striated, uninucleated)
bonesCardiac
hollowblood vessels
face
V. Body Cavities
A. Cavity
1.
2.
B. Cavity
1.
2.
3. Dorsal
Ventral Pelvic
Spinal or VertebralAbdominal
Cranial
Thoracic
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Skeletal
• Protects and supports body organs
• Provides muscle attachment to bones for movement
• Site of blood cell formation
• Stores minerals
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
• Moves substances through body
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Integumentary
• Forms the external body covering
• Protects deeper tissue from injury and drying out
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Immune
• Lymph nodes, lymph vessels and white blood cells
• Returns fluids to blood vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity- destroys bacteria and tumor cells
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible material
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Excretory
• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• Maintains acid – base balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Nervous
• Fast-acting control system
• Responds to internal and external change
• Activates muscles and glands
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Reproductive
• Production of offspring
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions• Maintain Boundaries- keeps the body’s
internal environment distinct from the external environment- the skin and membranes
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
• Metabolism – all chemical reactions within the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
• Reproduction
• Production of future generation
• Provides new cells for growth and repair
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions
Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
HomeostasisHomeostasis
• Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis
• The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
• Receptor
• Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
• Sends information to control center
Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis
• Control center
• Determines set point
• Analyzes information
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
• Works like a household thermostat
Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms
• Positive feedback
• Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
• In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
• Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
Body Body
LandmarksLandmarks• Anterior
Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
• Posterior
Body PlanesBody Planes
S0ME OF THE MAJOR ORGANS IN THE HUMAN BODY
THE BRAIN
THE LUNGS
THE LIVER
THE STOMACH
THE BLADDE
R NEXT
Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic
QuadrantsQuadrants
Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic
Major OrgansMajor Organs
• Do body systems work alone or do they work with other systems to function properly?
• How many system interactions can you come up with?
