Chapter 4Chapter 4The Human WorldThe Human World

I. Section II. Section IWorld PopulationWorld Population

A. Population GrowthA. Population Growth• About 6.2 billion people live on the earthAbout 6.2 billion people live on the earth

– They inhabit about 30% of the landThey inhabit about 30% of the land• Growth RatesGrowth Rates

– Population is growing rapidly because birthrates have not Population is growing rapidly because birthrates have not declined as fast as death ratesdeclined as fast as death rates

• Both are measured out of 1,000Both are measured out of 1,000– Why do you think death rates have gone down in many areas of Why do you think death rates have gone down in many areas of

the world?the world?• Challenges of Population GrowthChallenges of Population Growth

– What are some of the challenges we will continue to face as the What are some of the challenges we will continue to face as the population continues to grow?population continues to grow?

• Negative Population GrowthNegative Population Growth– Hungary & Germany (for example)Hungary & Germany (for example)

B. Population B. Population DistributionDistribution

• Population DensityPopulation Density– The average number of people living in The average number of people living in

one square mile (or kilometer)one square mile (or kilometer)• Canada – 8 people per square mileCanada – 8 people per square mile• Bangladesh – 2,639 people per square mileBangladesh – 2,639 people per square mile

Population Distribution Population Distribution (Cont.)(Cont.)

• Population MovementPopulation Movement– MigrationMigration – movement of people from – movement of people from

place to placeplace to place– Many people are moving from rural Many people are moving from rural

areas to cities to look for opportunities areas to cities to look for opportunities ((urbanizationurbanization))

II. Section IIII. Section II

Global CulturesGlobal Cultures

A. Elements of CultureA. Elements of Culture

• LanguageLanguage– Variance within a Variance within a

language is called language is called dialectdialect

– Languages are Languages are organized into organized into language familieslanguage families• Example: Indo-Example: Indo-

European – English, European – English, Spanish, Russian, Spanish, Russian, Hindi (spoken in Hindi (spoken in India)India)

Elements of Culture Elements of Culture (cont.)(cont.)

• ReligionReligion– Major World Religions Major World Religions

Groups(5): Hinduism, Groups(5): Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, & IslamChristianity, & Islam

– Struggle over conflicting Struggle over conflicting ideas causes warideas causes war

Elements of Culture Elements of Culture (cont.)(cont.)

• Social GroupsSocial Groups– Family is the most important groupFamily is the most important group

• GovernmentGovernment– Many different types of these!Many different types of these!

• Economic ActivitiesEconomic Activities– Making a livingMaking a living

• Culture RegionsCulture Regions– Share common culture traitsShare common culture traits

B. Culture ChangeB. Culture Change• Cultural DiffusionCultural Diffusion – –

spreading new spreading new knowledge and skills knowledge and skills from one culture to from one culture to anotheranother

• The Agricultural The Agricultural RevolutionRevolution– NomadsNomads – herders that – herders that

moved locationsmoved locations

• Culture HearthsCulture Hearths – early – early centers of civilization centers of civilization whose ideas and whose ideas and practices spread to practices spread to surrounding areassurrounding areas

III. Section IIIIII. Section IIIPolitical & Economic SystemsPolitical & Economic Systems

A. Levels of GovernmentA. Levels of Government

• Unitary SystemUnitary System– Gives all key powers to the national or Gives all key powers to the national or

central governmentcentral government• United Kingdom & FranceUnited Kingdom & France

• Federal SystemFederal System– Divides the power between national & Divides the power between national &

state governmentsstate governments• United StatesUnited States

B. Types of GovernmentB. Types of Government

• AutocracyAutocracy– Power belongs to a single individualPower belongs to a single individual

• Former IraqFormer Iraq

• OligarchyOligarchy– A small group holds powerA small group holds power

• ChinaChina

• DemocracyDemocracy– Leaders rule with the consent of its Leaders rule with the consent of its

citizenscitizens• United StatesUnited States

C. Economic SystemsC. Economic Systems

• Traditional Economy Traditional Economy – Habit & customs determine the rules for economic Habit & customs determine the rules for economic

activityactivity• People are not free to have what they want, only what People are not free to have what they want, only what

their elders saytheir elders say

• Market EconomyMarket Economy– Individuals & private groups make decisions about Individuals & private groups make decisions about

what to producewhat to produce• Based on Based on free enterprisefree enterprise – private individuals may own – private individuals may own

property or businessesproperty or businesses• Also known as Also known as capitalismcapitalism• No one has a true form of this – we have what is called a No one has a true form of this – we have what is called a

mixed economymixed economy (government helps to regulate) (government helps to regulate)

Economic Systems Economic Systems (cont.)(cont.)

• Command EconomyCommand Economy– Government owns or directs production Government owns or directs production

& distribution of goods& distribution of goods

• Socialism & CommunismSocialism & Communism– A command economy is called one of A command economy is called one of

these two terms, depending on how these two terms, depending on how much government is involved much government is involved (communism is more strict)(communism is more strict)

IV. Section IVIV. Section IV

Resources, Trade, and the Resources, Trade, and the EnvironmentEnvironment

A. ResourcesA. Resources

•Natural ResourcesNatural Resources–Two types – renewable & Two types – renewable & nonrenewablenonrenewable

–LEAVE ROOM IN YOUR LEAVE ROOM IN YOUR NOTES TO MAKE A LIST NOTES TO MAKE A LIST OF TEN OF EACH!OF TEN OF EACH!

B. Economic B. Economic DevelopmentDevelopment• Most natural resources Most natural resources

are not evenly distributedare not evenly distributed– This uneven distribution This uneven distribution

effect the economyeffect the economy

• Levels of development (2)Levels of development (2)– Developed countries – have Developed countries – have

much technology & much technology & manufacturing – U.S.manufacturing – U.S.

– Developing countries – Developing countries – working towards more working towards more technology and technology and manufacturing (mainly manufacturing (mainly some countries in Africa, some countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America)Asia, and Latin America)

C. World TradeC. World Trade

• Barriers to tradeBarriers to trade– Taxes or tariffsTaxes or tariffs

• Free TradeFree Trade– Established to increase the import & Established to increase the import &

export of goods between some countriesexport of goods between some countries

D. People & Their D. People & Their EnvironmentEnvironment

• Pollution – 3 TypesPollution – 3 Types– Water, Land, and AirWater, Land, and Air– Make a chart in your notes w/the 3 Make a chart in your notes w/the 3

types of pollution and under each list at types of pollution and under each list at least 3 examplesleast 3 examples