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Chapter 33
The Great War: The World in Upheaval
1 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Immediate Origins of World War I
n June 28, 1914, assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (1863-1914)
n Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina q Occupied by Austro-Hungarian empire 1878, annexed
1908 n Ferdinand in favor of greater Serbian autonomy
q Not enough for Serbian extremists
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2
Gavrilo Princip
n Bosnian Serb (1894-1918) n One of seven assassins
q First balked, second bungled, attempted suicide n Princip shot Ferdinand and expectant wife Sophie
as couple went to hospital to visit victims n Princip swallows ineffective cyanide; captured by
mob and tortured n Too young to be executed, sentenced to 20 years
in prison, dies of tuberculosis 3 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Outcome of Princip’s Bullet
n First conflict of global proportions n Conservative estimates of 15 million dead
(5 million non-combatants), 20 million injured n End of four empires, rise of nine new countries n Massive global economic dislocations n End of Europe’s domination of globe
4 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
n n
Culmination of competing nationalisms q Especially in south, eastern Europe n Especially in south, eastern Europe
n q Especially between Britain and Germany Rivalry among empires
Especially between Britain and Germany n
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Competing Nationalisms
Inevitable outcome of French revolution n n Self-determination and independence movements Self-determination and independence movements
q q
q Belgium, 1830 Unification of Italy, 1861 q q
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Nationalism in Multi-National Empires Empires
Austro-Hungarian empire q South Slavs
n Russian empire q Poles, Ukrainians, Baltic states
n Ottoman empire q Greeks, Serbians, Romanians, and Bulgarians Greeks, Serbians, Romanians, and Bulgarians
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Rivalry Among Empires
n n Dominance of British empire declining q Dominance of British empire declining q 1870, 32% of world industrial output (Germany 13%)
q n Drops to 14% by 1914
n q Germany latecomer, but aggressive
q
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Naval Competition
n n Arms race between United Kingdom and Arms race between United Kingdom and Germany to control seas
Germany to control seas n
Decisive for control of trade routes in case of war n
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Role of Public Opinion
Beginning of media age n Availability of cheap newspapers n Little accountability n Awkward pressure on politicians
q Sacrifice diplomatic expediency for public support Sacrifice diplomatic expediency for public support
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Inflexible Diplomatic Alliances
n Agreements of mutual defense Agreements of mutual defense n
Chain reaction for global war n Triple Alliance n Triple Alliance
q
Germany and Austro-Hungarians (1879), joined by Italians 1882
n Triple Entente Russia, France, and the United Kingdom
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Concerns of the Entente
Cultural similarities of Germany, Austro-Hungary n n Worries over two-front war
Worries over two-front war
Worries over English domination of the sea n
n Worries over English domination of the sea n interference over Austrian Balkan policies
12 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Concerns of the Alliance
Russia worried about strong German-Austro-Hungarian alliance
n United Kingdom concerned with maintaining balance of power
n France worried about hostilities with Germany n Military pact signed, summer 1914
q Reciprocal treaty obligations Reciprocal treaty obligations
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Mutually Threatening War Plans
q French “Plan XVII” Heavy emphasis on rapid offensives n
German Schlieffen plan q
Fear of encirclement q
France to be defeated swiftly, then attention turned to Russia
n
Conditional on mobilization of enemy forces n Conditional on mobilization of enemy forces
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The Chain Reaction
23 July, Austrians issue ultimatum to Serbs 23 July, Austrians issue ultimatum to Serbs
n
28 July, Austrians declare war n
29 July, Russia mobilizes to defend Serbia n
31 July, Germany issues ultimatums to Russia, France n
1 August, Germany declares war on Russia; France mobilizes n
3 August, Germans declare war on France, invade Belgium n
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War of Attrition
n n
West: three years of stalemate q
Trenches from English channel to Switzerland East: more movement, treaty of Brest-Litovsk in n
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New Military Technology n Barbed wire, machine gun n Gas
q
n
Mustard gas: 800,000 casualties Gas
q
First used by German troops, 1915 q
Mustard gas: 800,000 casualties n Tanks
q Initially effective, but ground quickly lost to reconnaissance
counterattacks n Airplanes q
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Brutality of New Warfare
280,000 German casualties q Less than 160,000 bodies recovered
n The Somme, British gain few thousand yards q
q
420,000 casualties q
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The Great War in Europe and Southwest Asia, 1914-1918
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Total War: The Home Front
n Implications of modern industrial war: concept of a “home front”
n Government takes command of economies n Women in the workforce
q TNT poisoning: yellow skin, orange hair n Bombing of civilian areas by zeppelins
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War Propaganda
n n Maintenance of public support for war Maintenance of public support for war n n Untruths Untruths n n
Irony: Disbelief of WWI propaganda makes belief
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Global Involvement
Importation of troops from colonies q United Kingdom: Australia, New Zealand, Canada q Gallipoli
n Japanese designs on China with distraction of European powers q Twenty-one secret demands Twenty-one secret demands
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Collapse of the Russian Empire
n Germany smuggles Lenin into provisional Germany smuggles Lenin into provisional government in Russia
n November Revolution, creation of the USSR n Treaty of Brest-Litovsk cedes Poland, Baltic
countries, Ukraine to Central Powers countries, Ukraine to Central Powers
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U.S. Enters the War
n U.S. and the war economy q Sale of goods to the Allies q Debts to American banks q U.S. neutrality a mirage
n German blockade of British overseas trade n Submarine patrols n Sinking of Lusitania, May 7, 1915
q 1,198 lives lost (128 U.S.) q Carried munitions
n U.S. declares war April 1917 24 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Defeat of the Central Powers
n Fall of 1918, exhaustion of Central Powers troops n Bulgaria, Ottomans, Austro-Hungarians, Germans
surrender n Armistice: November 11, 1918
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The Paris Peace Conference
n Dominated by France, Great Britain, and the United States n Dominated by France, Great Britain, and the United States q
No Central Powers representation n q Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points A dictated peace n
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Territorial Changes in Europe after the Great War
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The End of the Ottoman Empire
n Treaty of Sèvres (1920) removes Balkan and Arab provinces, allows for European occupation of south and east Anatolia
n Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) leads uprising against sultanate, creates Republic of Turkey
n Allies recognize republic in Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
n Intensely secular government, women’s rights
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Territorial Changes in Southwest Asia after the Great War
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The League of Nations
n League of Nations created by diplomats in Paris n 42 original member-states, 26 non-European n Application of Wilson’s concept of “self-
determination” n Mandate system created to control formerly
colonized areas
30 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.