Chapter 30Chapter 30Power PointPower Point

By: Adam GoetschBy: Adam Goetsch

Period 3Period 3

4/8/094/8/09

Chapter 30 section 1Chapter 30 section 1

What are Chordates?What are Chordates?

• Chordates are members of the phylum Chordates are members of the phylum Chordata. A chordate is an animal that Chordata. A chordate is an animal that has, for at least some part of its life a has, for at least some part of its life a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; a notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; a notochord; pharyngeal pouches; and a tail that pharyngeal pouches; and a tail that extends beyond the anus. extends beyond the anus.

What are Chordates? What are Chordates? (continued)(continued)

• The hollow nerve cord runs along the The hollow nerve cord runs along the dorsal part of the body. dorsal part of the body.

• Notochord- a long supporting rod that runs Notochord- a long supporting rod that runs through the body just below the nerve through the body just below the nerve chord.chord.

• Pharyngeal pouches- are paired structures Pharyngeal pouches- are paired structures in the throat (pharynx) region.in the throat (pharynx) region.

Types of ChordatesTypes of Chordates

• Vertebrates-Vertebrates-• Non- vertebrates- the two groups of non-Non- vertebrates- the two groups of non-

vertebrates chordates are the tunicates vertebrates chordates are the tunicates and lancelets.and lancelets.

• Tunicates- filter- feeders that are in the Tunicates- filter- feeders that are in the subphylum Urochordata that look anything subphylum Urochordata that look anything like us.like us.

• Lancelets- small fishlike creatures of the Lancelets- small fishlike creatures of the subphylum Cephalochordatesubphylum Cephalochordate

Chapter 30 section 2:Chapter 30 section 2:FishesFishes

What is a Fish?What is a Fish?

• Fish are aquatic vertebrates most fishes Fish are aquatic vertebrates most fishes have paired fins, scales, and gills.have paired fins, scales, and gills.

• Fins are used for movement, scales for Fins are used for movement, scales for protection, and gills for exchanging gases.protection, and gills for exchanging gases.

• Some fish, such as catfish, do not have Some fish, such as catfish, do not have scales.scales.

• Many fish, such as sharks, lampreys, and Many fish, such as sharks, lampreys, and perch are no more similar to one another perch are no more similar to one another than humans are to frogs.than humans are to frogs.

EvolutionEvolution

• The evolution of jaws and the evolution of The evolution of jaws and the evolution of paired fins were important developments paired fins were important developments during the rise of fish.during the rise of fish.

• First fish- fossil records were odd- looking, First fish- fossil records were odd- looking, jawless creatures whose bodies were armored jawless creatures whose bodies were armored with bony plateswith bony plates

• Age of Fish- during the Ordovician and Age of Fish- during the Ordovician and Silurian periods about 505 to 410 million Silurian periods about 505 to 410 million years ago, fish underwent a major adaptive years ago, fish underwent a major adaptive radiationradiation

Evolution (continued)Evolution (continued)

• Still other ancient fish kept their bony armor Still other ancient fish kept their bony armor and possessed a feeding adaptation that and possessed a feeding adaptation that would revolutionize vertebrates evolutionwould revolutionize vertebrates evolution

• Jaws connected in early fish accompanied the Jaws connected in early fish accompanied the evolution of paired pectoral (anterior) and evolution of paired pectoral (anterior) and pelvic (posterior) fins. Fins were attached to pelvic (posterior) fins. Fins were attached to girdles- structures of cartilage or bone the girdles- structures of cartilage or bone the support the fins.support the fins.

• Cartilage- is a strong tissue that supports the Cartilage- is a strong tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than body and is softer and more flexible than bonebone

Form and Functions in FishForm and Functions in Fish

• Feeding- Feeding- herbivores, carnivores, parasites, herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, and detritus feedersfilter feeders, and detritus feeders

• Respiration-Respiration- most use gills located on either most use gills located on either side of the pharynxside of the pharynx

• Circulation- Circulation- Atrium- a large muscular Atrium- a large muscular chamber that serves as a one-way chamber that serves as a one-way compartments for blood that is about to enter compartments for blood that is about to enter the ventriclesthe ventricles

• Ventricles- a thick- walled, muscular chamber, Ventricles- a thick- walled, muscular chamber, is the actual pumping portion of the heartis the actual pumping portion of the heart

Form and Functions in Fish Form and Functions in Fish (continued)(continued)• Excretion-Excretion- like many aquatic animals, like many aquatic animals,

most fishes rid themselves of nitrogenous most fishes rid themselves of nitrogenous wastes in the form of ammoniawastes in the form of ammonia

• Response-Response- cerebrum- is responsible for cerebrum- is responsible for all voluntary activities of the body.all voluntary activities of the body.

• Cerebellum- coordinates body movementsCerebellum- coordinates body movements• Medulla Oblongata- controls the Medulla Oblongata- controls the

functioning of many internal organsfunctioning of many internal organs• Lateral line system- sensitive receptors Lateral line system- sensitive receptors

detects gentle currents and vibrations in detects gentle currents and vibrations in the waterthe water

Form and Functions in Fish Form and Functions in Fish (continued)(continued)• Movements-Movements- most move by alternately most move by alternately

contracting paired sets of muscles on either side contracting paired sets of muscles on either side of the back boneof the back bone

• Swim Bladder- an internal, gas- filled organ that Swim Bladder- an internal, gas- filled organ that adjusts their buoyancyadjusts their buoyancy

• Reproduction- Reproduction- Oviparous- fish whose eggs Oviparous- fish whose eggs hatch outside the mother’s bodyhatch outside the mother’s body

• Ovoviviparous- Ovoviviparous- the eggs stay in the mother’s the eggs stay in the mother’s body after the internal fertilizationbody after the internal fertilization

• Viviparous- the embryos stay in the mother’s Viviparous- the embryos stay in the mother’s body after internal fertilizationbody after internal fertilization

Groups of FishGroups of Fish

• When you consider their basic internal structures, When you consider their basic internal structures, all living fish can be classified into three groups: all living fish can be classified into three groups: jawless fish, cartilaginous fish, and bony fishjawless fish, cartilaginous fish, and bony fish

• Jawless fish- lamprey and hagfishJawless fish- lamprey and hagfish• Sharks and relatives- in the class Chondrichthyes. Sharks and relatives- in the class Chondrichthyes.

Sharks, rays, skates, and a few uncommon fish Sharks, rays, skates, and a few uncommon fish such as Sawfish and Chimaerassuch as Sawfish and Chimaeras

• Bony fish- class Osteichthyes Bony fish- class Osteichthyes • There are still seven living species of bone fish There are still seven living species of bone fish

that are still not classified. that are still not classified.

Chapter 30 section 3: Chapter 30 section 3: AmphibiansAmphibians

What are Amphibians?What are Amphibians?

• An amphibian is a vertebrates that, An amphibian is a vertebrates that, with some exceptions, lives in water with some exceptions, lives in water as a larva and on land as an adult, as a larva and on land as an adult, breathes with lungs as an adult, has breathes with lungs as an adult, has moist skin that contains mucous moist skin that contains mucous glands, and lacks scales and clawsglands, and lacks scales and claws

EvolutionEvolution

• Early amphibians evolved several adaptations Early amphibians evolved several adaptations that helped them live at least part of their that helped them live at least part of their lives out of water. Bones and limbs and limb lives out of water. Bones and limbs and limb girdles of amphibians became stronger, girdles of amphibians became stronger, permitting more efficient movements. Lungs permitting more efficient movements. Lungs and breathing tubes enabled amphibians to and breathing tubes enabled amphibians to breathe air. The sternum, or breastbone, breathe air. The sternum, or breastbone, formed a bony shield to support and protect formed a bony shield to support and protect internal organs especially the lungs.internal organs especially the lungs.

• First amphibian, First amphibian, Eogyrinus, Eogyrinus, is thought to have is thought to have been about 5 meters longbeen about 5 meters long

Form and FunctionForm and Function

• Feeding:Feeding: Adult amphibians are almost entirely carnivorous.Adult amphibians are almost entirely carnivorous. Tadpoles are filter feeders or herbivores.Tadpoles are filter feeders or herbivores. at the end of the large intestine is a muscular at the end of the large intestine is a muscular

cavity called the cavity called the cloacacloaca, through which digestive , through which digestive wastes, urine, and eggs/ sperm leave the body.wastes, urine, and eggs/ sperm leave the body.

• Respiration:Respiration: Larval stage gas exchange happens through skin Larval stage gas exchange happens through skin

and gills.and gills. Gills are replaced when they change into adults Gills are replaced when they change into adults

Form and Functions Form and Functions (continued)(continued)• Circulation:Circulation: Circulatory system is known as two loops. First Circulatory system is known as two loops. First

loop carries oxygen- poor blood from the heart to loop carries oxygen- poor blood from the heart to the lungs and skin, and takes oxygen- rich blood the lungs and skin, and takes oxygen- rich blood from the lungs and skin back to the heart. The from the lungs and skin back to the heart. The second loop transports oxygen rich blood from second loop transports oxygen rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body and then carries the heart to the rest of the body and then carries oxygen- poor blood from the body back to the oxygen- poor blood from the body back to the heart.heart.

• Excretion:Excretion: Amphibians use kidney to filter wastes from the Amphibians use kidney to filter wastes from the

blood-urineblood-urine

Form and Functions Form and Functions (continued)(continued)• Reproduction:Reproduction: Amphibians eggs do not have shells but do Amphibians eggs do not have shells but do

dry out if not kept moist. When two dry out if not kept moist. When two amphibians reproduce the male jumps on amphibians reproduce the male jumps on the females back and squeezes. This the females back and squeezes. This makes the female release up to 200 eggs makes the female release up to 200 eggs that the male then fertilizes.that the male then fertilizes.

• Movement:Movement: babies- move like fishbabies- move like fish adults- walk or run and jumpingadults- walk or run and jumping

Form and Functions Form and Functions (continued)(continued)• Response:Response: brain has same basic parts of a fish with well brain has same basic parts of a fish with well

developed nervous and sensory systems.developed nervous and sensory systems.Sight-Sight- Transparent nictitating membrane-Transparent nictitating membrane- the the

surface of the eye that protects it from surface of the eye that protects it from damage under water and kept moist on landdamage under water and kept moist on land

Hearing-Hearing- Tympanic membrane-Tympanic membrane- located on each side located on each side

of the headof the head

Group of Amphibians Group of Amphibians

• The three groups of amphibians alive The three groups of amphibians alive today are salamanders, frogs and today are salamanders, frogs and toads, and caecilians.toads, and caecilians.

• SalamandersSalamanders- - Class- UrodelaClass- Urodela Description- four legs, long bodies and Description- four legs, long bodies and

tails, and both larval and adult stages are tails, and both larval and adult stages are carnivores. Live mostly in moist woods carnivores. Live mostly in moist woods under rotting logs and rocksunder rotting logs and rocks

Group of Amphibians Group of Amphibians (continued)(continued)

• Frogs and Toads:Frogs and Toads:

class- Anuraclass- Anura

Description- frogs have long legs Description- frogs have long legs making them have lengthy jumps as making them have lengthy jumps as to the toad has short legs with small to the toad has short legs with small hops. Frogs live close to water. Toads hops. Frogs live close to water. Toads live in moist woods and even deserts.live in moist woods and even deserts.

Group of Amphibians Group of Amphibians (continued)(continued)

• Caecilians-Caecilians-

class- Apodaclass- Apoda

Description- legless animals that live in Description- legless animals that live in water and burrow in moist soil or water and burrow in moist soil or sediment. Feed on small sediment. Feed on small invertebrates such as termites. Many invertebrates such as termites. Many have fishlike scales imbedded in their have fishlike scales imbedded in their skin.skin.