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Chapter 3 Warm-up #1Chapter 3 Warm-up #1States Of MatterStates Of Matter
1.) Which state of matter 1.) Which state of matter has the highest amount of has the highest amount of energy associated with it?energy associated with it?
2.) Which state of matter 2.) Which state of matter has no definite shape but has no definite shape but has a definite volume?has a definite volume?
Chapter 3 Warm-up #2Chapter 3 Warm-up #2States Of MatterStates Of Matter
1.) Name the three most 1.) Name the three most used Temperature scales.used Temperature scales.
2.) List three things about a 2.) List three things about a liquid.liquid.
1.) Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales
2.) Definite volume, no definite shape
Molecules freely move with weak attraction between them
Moderate amount of energy compared to the solid or gas form.
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales To understand the phases of To understand the phases of
matter you must understand matter you must understand the motion of the moleculesthe motion of the molecules
Two types of motionTwo types of motion Vibration and straight line motionVibration and straight line motion
The motion of Molecules or Atoms The motion of Molecules or Atoms is determined by the amount of is determined by the amount of heat availableheat available
Temperature is a measure of heatTemperature is a measure of heat
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales What is heat What is heat
and how is it and how is it measured?measured?
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales All materials require different All materials require different
amounts of heat (energy) to change amounts of heat (energy) to change state.state.
Energy of Iron Video linkEnergy of Iron Video link
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales There is a lower There is a lower
limit to limit to temperaturetemperature
The lower limit is The lower limit is “absolute zero” “absolute zero” or -273 or -273 ooC for all C for all substancessubstances
Zero Kelvin or Zero Kelvin or -459.4-459.4ooFF
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales There is no upper limit to heat!There is no upper limit to heat!
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales
The first thermometer was developed The first thermometer was developed by whom? by whom?
GalileoGalileo
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales How do you make a How do you make a
temperature scale?temperature scale? What things do you need to think What things do you need to think
about before designing your about before designing your scale?scale?
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales How do you make a temperature How do you make a temperature
scale?scale? Type of liquid in the thermometer Type of liquid in the thermometer
and how it expandsand how it expands Types of substances to be measuredTypes of substances to be measured Diameter and length of tube usedDiameter and length of tube used Starting and ending points on the Starting and ending points on the
scalescale
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Temperature ScalesTemperature ScalesThere are 3 Temperature There are 3 Temperature
ScalesScales1.) 1.) Kelvin ScaleKelvin Scale2.) 2.) Celsius ScaleCelsius Scale3.) 3.) Fahrenheit ScaleFahrenheit Scale
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales Fahrenheit Scale-developed Fahrenheit Scale-developed
by Fahrenheit to show the by Fahrenheit to show the accuracy of his equipmentaccuracy of his equipment
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales Celsius Scale-based on the Celsius Scale-based on the
temperature at which water freezes temperature at which water freezes and boils at standard pressure equal and boils at standard pressure equal to 1 atmosphereto 1 atmosphere
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales Kelvin Scale-starts at Kelvin Scale-starts at
absolute zeroabsolute zero
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales Formulas for Temperature Scale Formulas for Temperature Scale
conversionsconversions ooF to F to ooCC
ooC=5/9(C=5/9(ooF-32)F-32) ooC to C to ooFF
ooF=9/5(F=9/5(ooC)+32C)+32 ooC to KC to K
K=K=ooC+273C+273
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Differences between states of Differences between states of mattermatter SolidsSolids
– Definite shape and definite volumeDefinite shape and definite volume– Lowest amount of energy of the three Lowest amount of energy of the three
statesstates– Atoms/molecules can only vibrate in Atoms/molecules can only vibrate in
place and are fixed in positionplace and are fixed in position
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Differences between states of matterDifferences between states of matter Liquids-Liquids-
– Definite volume but no definite shapeDefinite volume but no definite shape– Take the shape of their container with a surface on Take the shape of their container with a surface on
toptop– Have higher energy per molecule than solidsHave higher energy per molecule than solids– Atoms/molecules are free to move about but are Atoms/molecules are free to move about but are
closely packed together. They slip and slide past closely packed together. They slip and slide past one another.one another.
– Properties Properties Surface tension-results from an inward pull of Surface tension-results from an inward pull of
one molecule towards another along the one molecule towards another along the surfacesurface
Viscosity-a liquids resistance to flowViscosity-a liquids resistance to flow Glass is a very thick viscous liquidGlass is a very thick viscous liquid
Chapter 3Chapter 3States Of MatterStates Of Matter
Differences between Differences between states of matterstates of matter
GasesGases No definite shape or volumeNo definite shape or volume Take the shape of the Take the shape of the
containercontainer Highest amount of energyHighest amount of energy Most random arrangement Most random arrangement
of atoms/moleculesof atoms/molecules Atom/Molecules move Atom/Molecules move
independent of one another independent of one another
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
What is happening between each letter on the phase change diagram?
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
From A To B?
Solid: the substance is frozen but warming up.
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
What is happening between each letter on the phase change diagram?At B?
Still a solid. The substance reaches its melting point and just begins to melt.
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
What is happening between each letter on the phase change diagram?From A To B?
substance is frozen but warming up.
From B to C?The temp stays CONSTANT while it melts.Energy goes into the substance and is used to break the bonds between the molecules thus melting the substance.
From B to C?Part Solid and Part Liquid: The temp stays CONSTANT while it melts.Energy goes into the substance and is used to break the attractive forces between the molecules (not within the compound) thus melting the substance.
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
At C?Liquid: All of the substance has turned to a liquid and the temp can begin to rise.
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
From C to D?Liquid: The temp of the liquid rises at a steady rate.
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
At D?Still a Liquid: The liquid begins to boil
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
From D to E?Part Liquid and Part Gas: The liquid continues to boil at a constant temp.The energy is used to break the attractive forces between the molecules that make up the liquid.
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
At E?Gas: The last bit of liquid boils away and turns to vapor.
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
From E to F?Gas: The temp. of the vapor begins to increase with no upper limit to its temperature. At some point it would turn to a plasma.
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
From F to E?Gas: The temp. of the vapor is decreasing.
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
At E?Gas: The gas begins to condense into a liquid.
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
From E to D?Part gas part liquid: Condensation of the gas to a liquid. Energy is released from the gas to the surrounding environment and the gas cools
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
At D?Liquid: All the gas has turned to a liquid. The liquid can begin to cool.
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
At D to C?Liquid: The liquid continues to cool.
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
At C?Liquid: Crystallization begins. A solid begins to form.
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
From C to B?Liquid: Freezing occurs. The substance tries to cool but the energy released by the freezing process warms the liquid. The temp stays constant as it freezes. Energy released when the ice forms = energy removed from the liquid
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
At B?Solid: Freezing complete.
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
B C
D E
F
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
TIME
From B to A?Solid: The solid can begin to cool further eventually reaching its coldest temp.
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
Pre
ssur
e
Temperature
Triple Point Phase Diagram 0.
51.
0
A B
CD
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
Pre
ssur
e
Temperature
Area “A” The pressure is high enough and the temp is low enough to keep the substance a solid
0.5
1.0
A B
CD
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
Pre
ssur
e
Temperature
Area “B” The temperature is high but the high pressure keeps it a liquid
0.5
1.0
A B
CD
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
Pre
ssur
e
Temperature
Area “C” As the temperature increases so does the pressure but not enough it keep it a liquid so it turns to a gas.
0.5
1.0
A B
CD
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
Pre
ssur
e
Temperature
POINT “D” The temperature and pressure are perfectly matched. The substance can exist in the solid phase, liquid phase and gas phase all at the same time. This is the “TRIPLE POINT” of the substance
0.5
1.0
A B
CD
Phase Change Diagram (for water)Phase Change Diagram (for water)
A
Pre
ssur
e
Temperature
0.5
1.0
A B
CD
50oC
Always a SOLID Always a LIQUID
Always a GAS
Critical Point: No matter how much pressure the substance cannot be turned back into a liquid above this point.