Theory of particle matter & changes in state of matter

8/12/2019 Theory of particle matter & changes in state of matter

1/32

BASICCHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 1:

THEORY OF

PARTICLES &

MATTER

CHAPTER 2:

CHANGES IN

STATE OF

PARTICLES


2/32

MatterMade up of tiny &discrete particles

AtomThe smallest particleof an element thatcan participate in achemical reaction.

MoleculeA group of 2/> atomswhich are chemically

bonded together.

ElementA substance made

only of identicalatoms.

CompoundA substance made up of

2/> different atoms /ions.

IonA +ly charged / -ly

charged particles.

Matter:Anything thatoccupies space &has mass.


3/32


4/32


5/32


6/32


7/32


8/32

1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.


9/32


10/32

Has a fixed volume.

Does not have a fixed shape but takes the shape of the

container.

Cannot be compressed easily.

Particles are packed closely together but not in an

orderly manner.

Particles are held together by strong forces butweaker than the forces in a solid.

Particles can vibrate, rotate & move throughout the

liquid. They collide against each other.


11/32

Does not have a fixed shape or volume.

Can be compressed easily.

Particles are very far apart from each other and ina random motion.

Weak forces between the particles.

Particles can vibrate, rotate & move freely. The

rate of collision in gas is greater than liquid.


12/32

4. Solid Liquid: Heat energy is absorbed.

5. Liquid Gas: Heat energy is absorbed.

6. Solid Gas: Heat energy is absorbed.

7. Gas Solid: Heat energy is given out.

8. Gas Liquid: Heat energy is given out.

9. Liquid Solid: Heat energy is given out.


13/32

Temperature (C)

Time (min)

1

2 3

4 5

6Gas particlesabsorbs more

energy & movefaster

Liquid boiling: heatenergy is absorbed

Liquid particlesmove faster

Solid melting:particles absorb

heat energy

Solid particles absorbenergy & vibrate faster,kinetic energy increases.

m.p

b.p


14/32

Exists in solid state.

Temperature below its melting point.

The particles are very closely packed togetherand can only vibrate.

1.

1. 2.

Particles absorb more energy and vibrate faster.

Temperature & kinetic energy increases.

2.

Exists in solid state.Heat energy absorbed by the particles is enough to

overcome the forces of attraction between them.

Solid begins to melt & changes into liquid.


15/32

Exists in both solid and liquid state.

Temperature remain unchanged; the constant

temperature is the melting point. Energy absorbed is used to overcome the forces of

attraction between the particles.

2.

3.

Exists in liquid state.

The melting process ends.

3.


Temperature & kinetic energy increases.

The particles move faster.

3.

4.


16/32


Heat energy absorbed by the particles is enough

to overcome the forces of attraction between them.Liquid begins to change into gas.

4.

4. 5.

Exists in both liquid and gaseous state.

Temperature remains unchanged; the constanttemperature is the boiling point.

Energy absorbed is used to overcome the forcesof attraction between the particles.


17/32

Exists in gaseous state.

5.

5. 6.

The gas particles continue to absorb more energy

& move faster.Temperature increases as heating continues.


18/32

Temperature (C)

Time (min)

1

2 3

4 5

6

Solid cooling

Liquid cooling:

particles losingkinetic energy

Gas condensing:Particles movingcloser

Gas cooling:particles losingkinetic energy

Liquid freezing: particlesmoving closer

m.p

b.p


19/32


The particles have very high energy and move

randomly The forces of attraction between the particles are very

weak

1.

1. 2.


Particles lose kinetics energy.

Temperature decrease.

2.


Stronger forces of attraction formed.

Gas begins to condense and changes into liquid.


20/32

Exists in both gaseous and liquid state.

Temperature remain unchanged; the constant

temperature is the boiling point.Energy produced during the formation of forces

of attraction is equal to the heat energy releasedto the surroundings during cooling.

2.

3.


All the gas particles have condensed into liquid.

3.


Temperature decreases.

The particles lose more kinetic energy and move

slower.

3.

4.


21/32


The particles have very little energy and begin to

move closer towards one another.Liquid begins to freeze into solid.

4.

4. 5.

Exists in both liquid and solid state.

Temperature remains unchanged; the constanttemperature is the freezing point.

Stronger forces of attraction formed duringfreezing releases energy. The energy released isthe same as the energy lost to the surroundingd.


22/32

All the liquid freezes into solid.

The particles are closely packed in an orderly

manner.

5.

5. 6.

Exists as a solid.Temperature decreases as cooling continues.


23/32

HISTORY

1. JohnDalton

2. J.JThomson

3. ErnestRutherford

4. NeilsBohr

5. JamesChadwick


24/32

Atom is imagined as a small, indivisiblesimilar to a very tiny ball.

1. JohnDalton

Atom is described as a sphere of + chargewhich contains a few -ly charged particlescalled electrons.

2. J.JThomson

+ charge (proton) & most of the mass of theatom are concentrated in a small, centralregion called nucleus. Electrons moves inspherical space outside the nucleus.

3. ErnestRutherford

Electrons in an atom move in shells aroundthe nucleus.4. NeilsBohr

Neutrons contributes approximately to half

the mass of an atom.

5. James

Chadwick


25/32

Nucleus

Proton

- symbol: p

- Relative charge: +1

- Relative mass: 1

Neutron

- symbol: n

- Relative charge: 0

- Relative mass: 1

Electron- symbol: e

- Relative charge: -1- Relative mass: approximately 0.0005


26/32


27/32

Atoms of same element with same number of proton butdifferent number of neutrons.


28/32


29/32

USES

Cobalt-60

Treatment ofcancer.

-Cobalt-60

Destroybacteria infood.

Carbon-14

Estimate theage of fossil &

artefacts

Phosphorus-32

In fertilizer tostudy the

metabolism ofP in plants

Sodium-24

Detect leaks inpipes carryinggas.


30/32

Nucleus

1stshell = 2 electrons

2ndshell = 8 electrons

3rd shell = 8 electrons

Electron

Valence Electron


31/32


32/32

Documents

Theory of particle matter & changes in state of matter