Chapter 3Chapter 3

The Biological Bases of Behavior

The Biological Bases of Behavior

Neural and Hormonal Systems

Neural and Hormonal Systems

Module 7Module 7

The NeuronThe Neuron

A nerve cell Neurons transmit electrical and

chemical information throughout the body.

The basic building block of the nervous system.

A nerve cell Neurons transmit electrical and

chemical information throughout the body.

The basic building block of the nervous system.

Parts of a NeuronParts of a Neuron Dendrite: part that receives information

from the axons of other neurons and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

Soma: The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell healthy.

Axon: Part that carries messages away from the cell to the dendrites of another neuron.

Dendrite: part that receives information from the axons of other neurons and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

Soma: The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell healthy.

Axon: Part that carries messages away from the cell to the dendrites of another neuron.

The Neural ImpulseThe Neural Impulse Axon Terminal: the endpoint of a neuron, where

neurotransmitters are stored. Action potential: a neural impulse; a brief electrical

charge that travels down the axon of a neuron Refractory Period: the “recharging phase” when a

neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential

Resting Potential: the state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential.

All-or-None Principle: The principle stating that if a neuron fires, it always fires at the same intensity.

Axon Terminal: the endpoint of a neuron, where neurotransmitters are stored.

Action potential: a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron

Refractory Period: the “recharging phase” when a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential

Resting Potential: the state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential.

All-or-None Principle: The principle stating that if a neuron fires, it always fires at the same intensity.

Communication Between Neurons

Communication Between Neurons

Synapse: the tiny, fluid-filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another.

Neurotransmitter: Chemicals messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next and influences whether a neuron will generate and action potential.

Each chemical molecule has a different shape depending on its message. Pain Movement Pleasure

Impulses go about 120 yards a second We know of 60 differed transmitters

Synapse: the tiny, fluid-filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another.

Neurotransmitter: Chemicals messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next and influences whether a neuron will generate and action potential.

Each chemical molecule has a different shape depending on its message. Pain Movement Pleasure

Impulses go about 120 yards a second We know of 60 differed transmitters

Types of NeurotransmittersTypes of Neurotransmitters Acetycholine: neurotransmitter that

regulates basic bodily processes such as movement.

Dopamine: neurotransmitter involved in the control of bodily movements

Endorphins: neurotransmitter that relieve pain and increase our sense of well-being.

Serotonin: a neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood.

Acetycholine: neurotransmitter that regulates basic bodily processes such as movement.

Dopamine: neurotransmitter involved in the control of bodily movements

Endorphins: neurotransmitter that relieve pain and increase our sense of well-being.

Serotonin: a neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood.

Neurotransmitters EffectsNeurotransmitters Effects

Excitatory effect: a neurotransmitter effect that makes it morel likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential (impulse).

Inhibitory effect: a neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that a receiving neuron will generate an action potential.

Excitatory effect: a neurotransmitter effect that makes it morel likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential (impulse).

Inhibitory effect: a neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that a receiving neuron will generate an action potential.

The Neural ChainThe Neural Chain Receptor cells: specialized cells in the sensory systems

of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials that the nervous system can process.

Sensory Nerves: nerves that carry information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system.

Interneurons: nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information related to sensory input and motor output.

Motor nerves: nerves that carry information to the muscles and glands from the central nervous system.

Receptor cells: specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials that the nervous system can process.

Sensory Nerves: nerves that carry information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system.

Interneurons: nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information related to sensory input and motor output.

Motor nerves: nerves that carry information to the muscles and glands from the central nervous system.

The Central and Peripheral Nervous System

The Central and Peripheral Nervous System

The Central Nervous SystemThe Central Nervous System The brain and spinal cord. Spinal Cord: part of the body that functions as

an automatic “brain” in its own right and as a relay station for impulses to and from the higher brain.

Reflex: an automatic behavior of the body involving movement that is activated through the spinal cord with out use of the higher brain.

The spinal cord can work on its own the brain cannot.

The brain and spinal cord. Spinal Cord: part of the body that functions as

an automatic “brain” in its own right and as a relay station for impulses to and from the higher brain.

Reflex: an automatic behavior of the body involving movement that is activated through the spinal cord with out use of the higher brain.

The spinal cord can work on its own the brain cannot.

The Peripheral Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System

All the nerves outside the brain and spinal

cord

All the nerves outside the brain and spinal

cord

The Somatic Nervous SystemThe Somatic Nervous System

A division of the peripheral nervous system containing sensory and motor nerves.

Sensory: relay information to the brain. Motor: get instructions from the brain and

spinal cord and put muscles to work. Whenever we voluntarily move in some

way the somatic system is involved.

A division of the peripheral nervous system containing sensory and motor nerves.

Sensory: relay information to the brain. Motor: get instructions from the brain and

spinal cord and put muscles to work. Whenever we voluntarily move in some

way the somatic system is involved.

Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System The automatic control system of the body.

Regulates breathing, heart rate, digestion, and so on.

Pupils Salivary glands Lungs Heart rate Stomach Liver Adrenal glands

The automatic control system of the body. Regulates breathing, heart rate,

digestion, and so on. Pupils Salivary glands Lungs Heart rate Stomach Liver Adrenal glands

1st part of Autonomic Nervous system

1st part of Autonomic Nervous system

Sympathetic Nervous System: a division of the autonomic nervous system that energizes and prepares for emergencies. Prepares you for fight of flight accelerator

Sympathetic Nervous System: a division of the autonomic nervous system that energizes and prepares for emergencies. Prepares you for fight of flight accelerator

2nd part ofAutonomic Nervous System

2nd part ofAutonomic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System: a division of the autonomic nervous system that conserves bodily activity Works in opposition to the

sympathetic system to calm us down. Brake Keep in balance

Parasympathetic Nervous System: a division of the autonomic nervous system that conserves bodily activity Works in opposition to the

sympathetic system to calm us down. Brake Keep in balance

The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System Hormones: Chemical regulators that

control bodily processes such as emotional responses, growth, and sexuality.

Glands: Units of the body that contain the hormones.

Endocrine System: system that includes all their glands and their chemical messages taken together.

Hormones: Chemical regulators that control bodily processes such as emotional responses, growth, and sexuality.

Glands: Units of the body that contain the hormones.

Endocrine System: system that includes all their glands and their chemical messages taken together.

The Pituitary GlandThe Pituitary Gland

The master gland. Activates other glands Determines how tall or short we will be.

Growth Hormone: the hormone that regulates the growth process. Tallest; 8 ft 11.1 in died age 22 Shortest: 23.2 in died age 19 Requires normal environment

The master gland. Activates other glands Determines how tall or short we will be.

Growth Hormone: the hormone that regulates the growth process. Tallest; 8 ft 11.1 in died age 22 Shortest: 23.2 in died age 19 Requires normal environment

Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland

The gland that controls and regulates the speed of bodily processes. Metabolism: the speed at which the

body operates or the speed at which it uses up energy.

The gland that controls and regulates the speed of bodily processes. Metabolism: the speed at which the

body operates or the speed at which it uses up energy.

Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland Activity:

High Thyroid: Very active Low thyroid: Sluggish Very Low at birth: Mental retardation

Emotional State Over active: restless, nervous, anxiety Under active: Sad mood, depression

Not only causes of anxiety and depression

Activity: High Thyroid: Very active Low thyroid: Sluggish Very Low at birth: Mental retardation

Emotional State Over active: restless, nervous, anxiety Under active: Sad mood, depression

Not only causes of anxiety and depression

The Adrenal GlandThe Adrenal Gland Glands that cause excitement in order to

prepare the body for an emergency or for some important activity.

Adrenaline: Chemical that prepares the body for emergency activity by increasing blood pressure, breathing rate, and energy level.

Helps blood clot faster Body cannot tell the difference between a real

emergency and one we just think about.

Glands that cause excitement in order to prepare the body for an emergency or for some important activity.

Adrenaline: Chemical that prepares the body for emergency activity by increasing blood pressure, breathing rate, and energy level.

Helps blood clot faster Body cannot tell the difference between a real

emergency and one we just think about.