Ch. 3 Biology and Psychology The Brain, Neural, and Hormonal
Systems Slide 2 PsychologyToday.com Article: Why Dont Women Leave
Batterers Slide 3 History of Psychological Disorders How different
are the views of the origin or causes of mental illness today?
Slide 4 Science v. Faith House episode: Body & SoulBody &
Soul Slide 5 Behavioral Genetics Examines the role of genetics in
behavior Slide 6 Neuro-Biological Psych Evolutionary Psychology
branch of psychology concerned with ways that adaptation and
natural selection are connected with mental processes and behavior
Biological Psychology branch of psychology concerned with the links
between biology and behavior Slide 7 Neurons : The cells of the
nervous system Communicative cells: 1. Sensory: receive signals
from outside nervous system 2. Motor: transmit signals to muscles
3. Interneurons: communicate with each other Slide 8 Structure of a
Neuron Slide 9 Unit 1 Test Help (due Mon. 9/22/14) 1.Describe the
key characteristics of humanism, psychodynamic and behaviorism and
why humanism was so different from the other 2 schools. 2. Explain
the difference between pure research and applied research and give
an example of each. 3. If a researcher wanted to find the
correlation between # of hours spent on the phone & couples
level of intimacy, what would it mean if the coefficient was a -0.4
and a +.8. Explain the results for both. 4. A researcher wants to
find out if student exams scores are higher when they drink energy
drinks. A) How can he set up this experiment and what would be the
B) Hypothesis C) Independent variable D) Dependent variable E)
Control group & F) Experimental group? Must be AT LEAST 5
sentences (handwritten) Slide 10 "You/They act that way
because...." - 20 points (article post due Sun. 9/21/14)
Engrade.com Discussion forum Part 1 Directions: Post a link to an
online article from a credible source (e.g., psychologytoday.com,
apa.org, psychology.org/links/Resources/News/, etc.) that describes
how the brain and bodys biological processes affect human behavior.
Provide a brief summary of the article (~3 sentences) and pose 1 or
2 questions regarding your article to your peers.
psychologytoday.com Slide 11 "You/They act that way because...." -
20 points (article response due Wed. 9/24/14) Part 2 Directions:
Read 2 of your classmate's articles an write a response describing
how their article relates to the information you read in chapter 3
& 4 and how does the information apply to your life and/or
others. (Your 2 responses should be at least 2 complete sentences
for each) Due Wed, 9/24/2014 @11:45 pm Email me at [email protected]
if you have any questions. Slide 12 Neural Communication Dendrite
the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages
and conduct impulses toward the cell body Axon the extension of a
neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages
are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands Myelin
[MY-uh-lin] Sheath a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the
fibers of many neurons enables vastly greater transmission speed of
neural impulses Slide 13 Neural Communication Synapse [SIN-aps]
junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the
dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron tiny gap at this
junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers released into synaptic gaps between neurons
bind to receptor sites of the receiving neuron, Influences whether
neurons fire or not Slide 14 Unit 1 Test Pt. 2 (due Mon. 9/19/14)
1.Describe the key characteristics of humanism, psychodynamic and
behaviorism and why humanism was so different from the other 2
schools. 2. Explain the difference between pure research and
applied research and give an example of each. 3. Describe the
contributions of Kenneth and Mamie B. Clark to the field of
psychology. 4. If a researcher wanted to find the correlation
between # of hours spent on the phone & couples level of
intimacy, what would it mean if the coefficient was a -0.4 and a
+.8. Explain the results for both. 5. A researcher wants to find
out if student exams scores are higher when they drink energy
drinks. A) How can he set up this experiment and what would be the
B) Hypothesis C) Independent variable D) Dependent variable E)
Control group & F) Experimental group? Must be AT LEAST 5
sentences (handwritten) Slide 15 Structure of a Neuron Slide 16
Action Potential Slide 17 Communication within Neuron (electrical)
Slide 18 Communication between Neurons (chemical) Axon terminals
release neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter enters synaptic gap
Neurotransmitter binds to receptor site that it fits Reuptake:
surplus neurotransmitter reabsorbed by sending neuron Slide 19
Neurotransmitters Chemicals which influence receiving neuron.
Excitatory effect: Neurotransmitter influences receiving cell
causing it to fire. Inhibitory effect: Neurotransmitter influences
receiving cell; preventing firing. Slide 20 Neurotransmitters More
than 40 known types Different neurotransmitters have different
effects Drugs, neural diseases often affect neurotransmitters Slide
21 Acetylcholine: learning, memory, muscle movement (Alzheimers)
Serotonin: mood and food intake (depression) Dopamine: movement and
to frontal lobe activity (Schizophrenia & Parkinsons)
Norepinephrine: alertness & wakefulness Endorphins: regulate
firing of pain neurons Neurotransmitters Slide 22 The Nervous
System Nervous System the bodys speedy, electrochemical
communication system consists of all the nerve cells of the
peripheral and central nervous systems Central Nervous System (CNS)
the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) the
sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system
(CNS) to the rest of the body Slide 23 The Nervous System Central
(brain and spinal cord) Nervous system Autonomic (controls
self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) Skeletal
(controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic
(arousing) Parasympathetic (calming) Peripheral Slide 24 The
Nervous System Nerves neural cables containing many axons part of
the peripheral nervous system connect the central nervous system
with muscles, glands, and sense organs Afferent (Sensory) Neurons
carries messages from the sensory receptors to the brain &
spinal (CNS) Efferent (Motor) Neurons carries messages from the
brain & spinal cord to muscles & glands Slide 25 The
Nervous System Interneurons CNS neurons that internally communicate
and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs Efferent
(Motor) Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles
and glands Somatic Nervous System the division of the peripheral
nervous system that controls the bodys skeletal muscles Slide 26
The Nervous System Spinal Reflex a simple, automatic, inborn
response to a sensory stimulus Skin receptors Muscle Sensory neuron
(incoming information) Motor neuron (outgoing information) Brain
Interneuron Spinal cord Slide 27 sensory area Motor Nerve sensory
nerve A stimulus makes the nerve cell fire off a message called a
response. Your skin has millions of sensory neurons. When your
finger touches something hot, signals from touch sensors in your
skin travel along sensory nerves at speeds of up to 400 feet per
second. In a split second, the signals reach relay nerves in your
spinal cord and then transfer to other nerves that go to your brain
which feels the touch. How it all works Slide 28 Neuron Review
1.The 4 major parts of the neuron are ____, ____, ____, _____.
(list in order that the neuron receives the message) 2. Inside the
neuron is a _____ charge, until an action potential occurs, making
the charge _____. 3. Neurons can have excitatory and _____ effects
on each other causing an action potential to occur or not occur. 4.
The communication within a neuron is ________; whereas
communication between neurons are _______. 5. Which psychological
disorders are associated with the following neurotransmitters: a)
serotonin? b) dopamine? c) acetylcholine? Slide 29 The Nervous
System Autonomic Nervous System the part of the peripheral nervous
system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal
organs (such as the heart) Sympathetic Nervous System division of
the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its
energy in stressful situations Parasympathetic Nervous System
division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body,
conserving its energy Slide 30 The Nervous System Slide 31 Slide 32
Level of the Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain Forebrain
Limbic system Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebral Cortex Midbrain
Reticular formation Hindbrain Medulla Pons Cerebellum Peripheral
Nervous System Somatic Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Discovering Psychology: Behaving Brain Video Slide 33 Hindbrain:
where the spinal cord meets the brain. Contains three structures:
Medulla: Regulates vital functions such as heart rate, blood
pressure, and respiration. Pons: Transmits information about body
movements and is involved in functions related to attention,
sleep/alertness and respiration. Cerebellum: Involved in
maintaining balance and controlling motor behavior. Slide 34
Midbrain Reticular Formation controls level of arousal, awareness,
sleep, & attention Sudden noises affect RAS, waking individual
Filters out some noises and accentuates others. Forebrain Limbic
System control and direction of emotional behavior Hypothalamus
arousal, food and water intake, sexual behavior Thalamus relays
incoming information to the cerebral cortex Slide 35 Lobes of the
Brain (4) Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1- 8.tif.jpg Slide
36 Lobes of the Brain - Frontal The Frontal Lobe of the brain is
located deep to the Frontal Bone of the skull. (Investigation:
Phineas Gage) It plays an integral role in the following
functions/actions: - Memory Formation - Emotions - Decision
Making/Reasoning - Personality Investigation (Phineas Gage)
Modified from:
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpghttp://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Slide 37 Cerebral Cortex Occipital Lobe: Vision Parietal Lobe: body
senses Somatosensory cortex Temporal Lobe: Hearing, some vision and
emotion Frontal Lobe: decision making, primary motor cortex Slide
38 Frontal Lobe - Cortical Regions Primary Motor Cortex- involved
with controlling movemen ts of the body. Brocas Area Controls
facial neurons, speech, and language comprehension. Located on Left
Frontal Lobe. Brocas Aphasia Results in the ability to comprehend
speech, but the decreased motor ability (or inability) to speak and
form words. Slide 39 Primary Motor Cortex/ Precentral Gyrus Brocas
Area Orbitofrontal Cortex Olfactory Bulb Modified from:
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpghttp://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Regions Investigation (Phineas Gage) Slide 40 Lobes of the Brain -
Parietal Lobe The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the
Parietal Bone of the skull. It plays a major role in the following
functions/actions: - Senses and integrates sensation(s) - Spatial
awareness and perception (Proprioception - Awareness of body/ body
parts in space and in relation to each other) Modified from:
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpghttp://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Slide 41 Lobes of the Brain Occipital Lobe The Occipital Lobe of
the Brain is located deep to the Occipital Bone of the Skull. Its
primary function is the processing, integration, interpretation,
etc. of VISION and visual stimuli. Modified from:
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-
8.tif.jpghttp://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-
8.tif.jpg Slide 42 Lobes of the Brain Temporal Lobe The Temporal
Lobes are located on the sides of the brain, deep to the Temporal
Bones of the skull. They play an integral role in the following
functions : - Hearing - Organization/Comprehension of language -
Information Retrieval (Memory and Memory Formation) Modified from:
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-
8.tif.jpghttp://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-
8.tif.jpg Slide 43 Temporal Lobe Cortical Regions Wernickes Area
Language comprehension. Located on the Left Temporal Lobe. -
Wernickes Aphasia Language comprehension is inhibited. Words and
sentences are not clearly understood, and sentence formation may be
inhibited or non-sensical. Slide 44 Primary Auditory Cortex
Wernikes Area Primary Olfactory Cortex (Deep) Conducted from
Olfactory Bulb Regions Modified from:
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpghttp://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Slide 45 Brain Function review Central Nervous System Brain
Forebrain Cerebral Cortex Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe Midbrain Reticular formation Hindbrain Medulla Pons
Cerebellum Neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin,
norepinephrine Slide 46 Hemispheric specialization Slide 47 Slide
48 Right side Test of Split Brain Patient Slide 49 THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM made up of endocrine glands that produce hormones (chemical
substances released into the bloodstream to guide such processes as
metabolism, growth, and sexual development) Hormones are also
involved in regulating emotional life. Slide 50 THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM The Thyroid Gland secretes thyroxin, a hormone that reduces
concentration and leads to irritability when overactive; causes
drowsiness and sluggish metabolism when underactive. the
parathyroids (within the thyroid) secrete parathormone to control
and balance the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood and
tissue fluids. affects the excitability of the nervous system. The
Pineal Gland pea-sized gland that responds to exposure to light and
regulates activity levels over the course of the day. Slide 51 THE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The Pancreas (between the stomach and the small
intestine) controls the level of sugar in the blood by secreting
insulin and glucagon. The Adrenal Glands influence the body's
responses to stress the autonomic nervous system stimulates the
gland to secrete hormones such as epinephrine into the bloodstream
The Gonads reproductive glandsthe testes in males/the ovaries in
females & the adrenal glandssecrete androgens (including
testosterone) and estrogens.
