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Chapter 3 Earth’s Structure and Materials
and a few Chapter 2
What is the typical flow of the components that make up an information system?Chapter 2
Lithosphere
A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.
Basalt
A dark, dense, igneous rock with fine texture, found in ocean crust.
Pressure
The force pushing on a surface divided by the area of that surface.
Granite
A usually light colored igneous rock that is found
in continental crust.
When scientific work conflicts with the beliefs of society and its leaders, a___________ can arise. Chapter 2
controversy
Inner Core
A dense sphere of solid iron and
nickel at the center of Earth.
MantleThe layer of hot, solid material between Earth’s
crust and core.
Galileo used his telescope to collect evidence that planets revolved around _______.Chapter 2
the sun the sun
Seismic Wave Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the
energy released during an earthquake.
Outer Core
A layer of molten iron
and nickel that surrounds the inner core of
Earth.
Crust
The layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer surface.
TO DESCRIBE A ROCK’S TEXTURE, GEOLOGISTS DETERMINE WHAT THREE THINGS:
SIZE, SHAPE, AND THE PATTERN OF THE ROCK’S GRAIN
Radiation
The transfer of energy by electromagnetic
waves.
Conduction
The transfer of thermal energy from one particle of matter to another
GrainThe particles of minerals or other rocks that give a rock its texture.
Data and observations collected through
scientific processes are called_______ evidence.Chapter 2
empirical
DensityThe
measurement of how much mass of a substance is
contained in a given volume.
What are two useful metamorphic rocks?
Marble and slate
Convection
The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a fluid.
Rock-Forming Mineral
Any of the common minerals that make
up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust.
Asthenosphere
The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.
Texture
The look and feel of a rock’s surface, determined by the size, shape and
pattern of a rocks grains.
Igneous Rock
A type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface.
The most abundant type of intrusive rock in the continental crust is:
Granite
Sediment Earth
materials deposited by
erosion.
Forms from sand on the beaches, ocean floor, river beds, and sand dunes.
SANDSTONE
CORRECT ORDER OF (STARTING FROM THE SURFACE) EARTH’S LAYERS.
CRUSTMANTLEOUTER COREINNER CORE
Metamorphic Rock
A type of rock that forms from an
existing rock that is changed by heat,
pressure, or chemical reaction.
Extrusive Rock Igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth’s surface
Scientists use ____________ to understand how systems work and to predict changes in a system.Chapter 2
models
What step in the rock cycle would be required to change granite into sandstone?
Granite Particles settle on the ocean floor.
Intrusive Rock
Igneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface.
Convection Current The movement of a fluid caused by differences in
temperature, that transfers heat from one part of a fluid to another.
Sedimentary Rock
A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together.
Weathering
The chemical and physical processes that break down rock and other substances.
Rock fragments with rounded edges form this rock
CONGLOMERATE
ErosionThe process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity
moves weathered particles of rock and soil.
DepositionProcess in
which sediment is laid down in
new locations.
Formed in the ocean where many living things, such as coral, clam and oysters have hard shells made of the mineral calcite.
Limestone
Clastic Rock Sedimentary rock that forms when rock
fragments are squeezed together under high pressure.
Compaction
The process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight
Foliated
Term used to describe metamorphic rocks that have grains arranged in parallel layers or bands.
Rock Cycle
A series of processes on the surface and inside the Earth that slowly changes rocks from one
kind to another.
Future testing can still prove an accepted scientific _____________ to be incorrect. Chapter 2
theory
Forms from tiny particles of clay and water deposits the clay in thin flat layers
SHALE
Cementation
The process by which dissolved
minerals crystallized and glue particles of
sediment together into one
mass.
Organic Rock
Sedimentary rock that form from
remains or organisms
deposited in thick layers.
A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditionsChapter 2.
Scientific Law
Chemical Rock
Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize from a solution
Holes drilled several kilometers in the Earth’s crust provide direct evidence about Earth’s interior in the form of
ROCK SAMPLES
Rock fragments with sharp edges form this rock.
BRECCIA
