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CHAPTER 3 DELTA MODULATION. 3.12 Delta Modulation Delta Sigma Modulation 3.13 Linear Prediction 3.14 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 3.15 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation. Outline. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
Digital Communication Systems 2012 R.Sokullu 1/45
CHAPTER 3
DELTA MODULATION
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
Digital Communication Systems 2012 R.Sokullu 2/45
Outline
• 3.12 Delta Modulation Delta Sigma Modulation
• 3.13 Linear Prediction• 3.14 Differential Pulse Code Modulation • 3.15 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code
Modulation
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
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3.12 Delta Modulation• Definition: Delta Modulation is a technique
which provides a staircase approximation to an over-sampled version of the message signal (analog input).
• sampling is at a rate higher than the Nyquist rate – aims at increasing the correlation between adjacent samples; simplifies quantizing of the encoded signal
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
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Illustration of the delta modulation process
Figure 3.22
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
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Principle Operation• message signal is over-sampled• difference between the input and the
approximation is quantized in two levels - +/-Δ
• these levels correspond to positive/negative differences
• provided signal does not change very rapidly the approximation remains within +/-Δ
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Assumptions and modelWe assume that:• m(t) denotes the input message signal• mq(t) denotes the staircase approximation
• m[n] = m(nTs), n = +/-1, +/-2 … denotes a sample of the signal m(t) at time t=nTs, where TS is the sampling period
• then
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• we can express the basic principles of the delta modulation in a mathematical form as follow:
[ ] [ ] [ 1] (3.52)qe n m n m n
sgn( [ ]) (3.53)qe e n
[ ] [ 1] [ ] (3.54)q q qm n m n e n
error signal
quantized
output
quantized error signal
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Pros and cons• Main advantage – simplicity• Sampled version of the message is applied to a
modulator (comparator, quantizer, accumulator)
• delay in accumulator is “unit delay” = one sample period (z-1)
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
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Figure 3.23
DM system. (a) Transmitter. (b) Receiver.
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
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• quantizer – includes a hard-limiter with an input-output relation a scaled version of the signum function
• accumulator – produces the approximation mq[n] (final result) at each step by adding either +Δ or –Δ
• = tracking input samples by one step at a time
)55.3(
][
])[sgn(][
1
1
n
iq
n
iq
ie
ienm
• comparator – computes difference between input signal and one interval delayed version of it
Transmitter Side
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
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Receiver Side• decoder – creates the sequence of positive or
negative pulses• accumulator – creates the staircase
approximation mq[n] similar to tx side• out-of-band noise is cut off by low-pass filter
(bandwidth equal to original message bandwidth)
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
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Noise in Delta Modulation Systems
• slope overhead distortion• granular noise
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
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Slope Overhead Distortion• The quantized message
signal can be represented as:
• where the input to the quantizer can be represented as:
[ ] [ ] [ ] (3.56)qm n m n q n
[ ] [ ] [ 1] [ 1](3.57)
e n m n m n q n
So, (except for the quantization error) the quantizer input is the first backward difference (derivative) of the input signal = inverse of the digital integration process
Sample of m(T) at time nT
Quantizer input at time (n-1)T
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
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Discussion• Consider the max slope
of the input signal m(t)• To increase the samples
{mq[n]} as fast as the input signal in its max slope region the following condition should be fulfilled:
( )max
(3.58)s
dm tT dt
otherwise the step-size Δ is too
small
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
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Granular Noise• In contrast to slope overhead• Occurs when step size is too large • Usually relatively flat segment of the signal• Analogous to quantization noise in PCM systems
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
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Conclusion:• 1. Large step-size is necessary to
accommodate a wide dynamic range• 2. Small step-size is required for accuracy with
low-level signals• = compromise between slope overhead and
granular noise• = adaptive delta modulation, where the step
size is made to vary with the input signal (3.16)
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Outline
• 3.12 Delta Modulation Delta Sigma Modulation
• 3.13 Linear Prediction• 3.14 Differential Pulse Code Modulation • 3.15 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code
Modulation
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
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Delta Sigma Modulation• Conventional delta modulation - Quantizer
input is an approximation of the derivative of the input message signal m(t).
• Results in the accumulation of error (noise)– accumulated noise (transmission disturbances) at
the receiver (cumulative error).• Possible solution: integrating the message
before delta modulation – called delta sigma modulation
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Remark 1:• The message signal is defined in its continuous
form – so pulse modulator contains a hard limiter and a pulse generator to produce a 1-bit encoded signal
• integration at the tx requires differentiation at the rx side.
• But: As in conventional DM the message has to be integrated at the final stage this eliminates the need of differentiation here.
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
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Block diagrams of systems for realizing Delta-Sigma Modulation
Figure 3.25
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Remark 2:
• Integration is a linear operation• Int 1 and Int 2 can be combined in a single
integrator placed after the comparator (previous slide – 3.25 b)
• Results in a simpler version of DSM scheme
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Pros and cons for DSM• Simplicity of implementation both at the tx
and rx side• Requires sampling rate far in excess of the
Nyquist rate (PCM) – increase in transmission and channel bandwidth
• If bandwidth is at a premium we have to choose increased system complexity (additional signal processing) to achieve reduced bandwidth.
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How does it work?• Reading assignment:• 3.13 Linear Prediction
(plus all that you are taught in the Signals and Systems – part II)
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Outline
• 3.12 Delta Modulation Delta Sigma Modulation
• 3.13 Linear Prediction• 3.14 Differential Pulse Code Modulation • 3.15 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code
Modulation
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
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3.14 Differential PCM
• Sampling at higher then Nyquist rate creates correlation between samples (good and bad)
• Difference between samples has small variance – smaller than the variance of the signal itself
• Encoded signal contains redundant information• Can be used to a positive end – remove redundancy
before encoding to get a more efficient signal to be transmitted
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How it works – the background• We know the signal up to a certain time• Use prediction to estimate future values• Signal sampled at fs= 1/Ts ; sampled sequence –
{m[n]}, where samples are Ts seconds apart• Input signal to the quantizer – difference between the
unquantized input signal m(t) and its prediction:
)74.3(
][ˆ][][ nmnmne prediction of the
input sample
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• Predicted value – achieved by linear prediction filter whose input is the quantized version of the input sample m[n].
• The difference e[n] is the prediction error (what we expect and what actually happens)
• By encoding the quantizer output we actually create a variation of PCM called differential PCM (DPCM).
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Figure 3.28
DPCM system. (a) Transmitter. (b) Receiver.
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Details:• Block scheme is very similar to DM• quantizer input
ˆ[ ] [ ] [ ] (3.74)e n m n m n
[ ] [ ] [ ] (3.75)qe n e n q n
ˆ[ ] [ ] [ ] (3.76)q qm n m n e n
• quantizer output may be expressed as:
• prediction filter output may be expressed as:
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ˆ[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] (3.77)qm n m n e n q n
If we substitute 3.75 into 3.76 we get:
sum is equal to input
sample
[ ] [ ] [ ] (3.78)qm n m n q n
Quantized input of the
prediction filter -
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Details – cont’d
• mq[n] is the quantized version of the input sample m[n]• so, irrespective of the properties of the prediction filter the
quantized sample mq[n] at the prediction filter input differs from the original sample m[n] with the quantization error q[n].
• If the prediction filter is good, the variance of the prediction error e[n] will be smaller than the variance of m[n]
• This means that if we make a very good prediction filter (adjust the number of levels) it will be possible to produce a quantization error with a smaller variance than if the input sample m[n] is quantized directly as in standard PCM
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Receiver side• decoder – constructs the quantized error signal • quantized version of the input is recovered by
using the same prediction filter as at the tx• if there is no channel noise – encoded input to
the decoder is identical to the transmitter output
• then the receiver output will be equal to mq[n] (differs from m[n] by q[n] caused by quantizing the prediction error e[n])
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Comparison• DPCM and DM
– DPCM includes DM as a special case– Similarities
• subject to slope-overhead and quantization error
– Differences• DM uses a 1-bit quantizer • DM uses a single delay element (zero prediction order)
• DPCM and PCM– both DM and DPCM use feedback while PCM does not– all subject to quantization error
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Processing Gain• Output signal-to-noise
ratio (SNRO)• σM
2 – variance of m[n]
• σQ2 – variance of quantization error q[n]
• rewrite using variance of the prediction error σE
2
2
2( ) (3.79)MO
Q
SNR
2 2
2 2( ) ( )
(3.80)
M EO p Q
E Q
SNR G SNR
2
2( ) (3.81)EQ
Q
SNR
2
2 (3.82)Mp
E
G
signal-to-quanti-zation noise ratio
processing gain
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• The processing gain Gp when greater than unity represents the signal-to-noise ratio that is due to the differential quantization scheme.
• For a given input message signal σM is fixed, so the smaller the σE the greater the Gp.
• This is the design objective of the prediction filter• For voice signals – optimal main advantage of DPCM
over PCM is b/n 4-11 dB• Advantage expressed in terms of bit rate (bits)
– 1 bit =6 dB of quantization noise (Table 3.35, p 198)– So for fixed SNR, sampling rate 8 kHz – DCPM provides
saving of 8-16 kb/s (1 -2 bits per sample) PCM
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Outline
• 3.12 Delta Modulation Delta Sigma Modulation
• 3.13 Linear Prediction• 3.14 Differential Pulse Code Modulation • 3.15 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code
Modulation
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3.15 Adaptive Differential PCM • PCM for speech coding of 64 kb/s requires high
channel bandwidth• some applications (secure transmission over radio
channel – low capacity)• requires speech coding at low bit rates but preserving
acceptable fidelity (not 64 kb/s PCM but 32, 16, 8 etc)
• possible using special coders that utilize statistical characteristics of speech signals and properties of hearing
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Design Objectives• 1. Remove redundancies from speech signals• 2. Assign available bits to encode non-redundant
parts of speech signal in an efficient way• Standard PCM is at 64 kb/s – can be reduced to 32,
16, 8 or even 4 kb/s• Price = proportionally increased complexity
– For same speech quality but Half the bit rate - Computational complexity is an order of magnitude higher
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ADPCM principles• Allows encoding of speech at 32 kb/s – requires 4 bits per
sample• Uses adaptive quantization and adaptive prediction
– adaptive quantization – uses a time-varying step Δ[n]. The step-size is varied to match the input signal σM
2
• φ is a constant; the other – estimate of the standard deviation - has to be computed continuously
ˆ[ ] [ ] (3.83)Mn n
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• Two possibilities:– adaptive quantization with forward estimation
(AQF) – uses unquantized samples of the input signal to derive forward estimates of σM[n]; requires a buffer to store samples for a certain learning period; incurs delay (~ 16 ms for speech)
– adaptive quantization with backward estimation (AQB) – uses samples of the quantizer output to derive backwards estimates of σM[n]
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• Adaptive prediction in ADPCM– adaptive prediction with forward estimation
(APF); uses unqunatized samples of the input signal to calculate prediction coefficients; disadvantages similar to AQF
– adaptive prediction with backward estimation (APB); uses samples of the quantizer output and the prediction error to compute predictor coefficients; logic for adaptive prediction – algorithm for updating predictor coefficients
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Figure 3.29
Adaptive quantization with backward estimation (AQB).
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Adaptive prediction with backward estimation (APB).
Figure 3.30
Chapter 3: Delta Modulation
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Conclusion:• PCM at 64 kb/s and ADPCM at 32 kb/s are
internationally accepted standards for voice coding and decoding.