Chapter 3- Classification of Animals

By Ms. Pritam BhisePawar Public SchoolKandivali

• There are billions of different kinds of living things (or organisms) on earth. To help study them, biologists have devised ways of naming and classifying them according to their similarities and differences.

• The system most scientists use puts each living thing into seven groups (or taxons).

• The study of plant and animal classification is called taxonomy.

• Animal groupings are similar to plants. The groupings are:

• Kingdom - There are two basic kingdoms, the plant and animal kingdoms.

• Phylum - Within the plant and animal kingdoms are big groupings called phylum or phyla. Animals are grouped into phyla that have broad similar characteristics.

• Classes - These are a finer division of a phyla. • Orders - These are divisions of classes. • Families - These are divisions of • Genera - These are the divisions of families. • Species - These are the divisions of genera.

K King KingdomP Philip PhylumC Coughed ClassO On OrderF Fred FamilyG (and then

he) GotGenus

S Sick Species

• The lion belongs to the following groups:

• •Kingdom Animalia (includes all animals)• •Phylum Chordata (includes all vertebrate animals,

as well as some other more primitive ones)• •Class Mammalia (includes all mammals)• •Order Carnivora (includes carnivorous mammals,

from bears to raccoons to harbor seals)• •Family Felidae (includes all cats)• •Genus Panthera (includes the great roaring cats:

lions, tigers, jaguars, and leopards)• •Species leo (lions!)

Classification of Animals:

Animals

Presence of backbone

(Vertebrates)

Absence of backbone

(Invertebrates)

VertebratesVe

rteb

rate

sClass Pisces

Class Amphibia

Class Reptilia

Class Aves

Class Mammalia

Class Pisces

• Aquatic animals with a streamlined body (narrow at both ends).

• Swim with the help of fins.• Body covered with scales.• Breathe through gills.

• Examples: Almost all fish like Rohu, Catla, Electric ray, etc.

Class Amphibia

• They live on land and in water.• They lay their eggs in water.• Their body is covered by a slimy and

slippery skin.• They breathe through lungs and skin.

• Examples: Frog, toad and spotted salamander.

Class Reptilia

• Mostly land vertebrates.• Skin is dry and scaly.• Breathe through lungs.• Females lay soft shelled eggs on land.

• Examples: Lizards, snakes, tortoise, crocodiles, etc.

Definition A Tortoise is a reptile which dwells well on land.

A Turtle is a reptile which dwells well in the water.

DistributionFound mostly in Asia and Africa but some species exist in Americas too.

Africa, America.

Shape of the shellMostly large dome shaped shells (with bumps on the top in some species).

Mostly flat, streamlined shells.

Weight of the shell The shells are heavier. Generally light-weight shell.

Limbs Feet are short and sturdy with bent legs. Webbed feet with long claws.

Diet Most are herbivores, but some species prefer live food.

Eats fruits, veggies, leafy vegetation and meat, hence they are omnivores.

BirthTortoise hatchlings move from their nest to the mothers burrow soon after birth.

Turtle hatchlings stay in their nest on their own for 90-120 days.

Lifespan 80-150 years. The longest living Tortoise is 326 years.

20-40 years. The oldest was 86 years.

Class Aves (Birds)

• Body covered with feathers.• Have wings to fly.• Scales only on legs.• Jaws provided with horny beak and

have no teeth.• Females lay hard shelled eggs.

• Examples: Peacock, ostrich, parrot, pigeon, sparrow.

Class Mammalia(Milk-nourishing animals)

• Body covered with hair.• Possess projecting external ears.• Give birth to young ones.• Mothers feed their young ones with their

own milk.• Usually, have a tail and four limbs.

• Examples: Cow, dog, deer, camel, lion, tiger, etc.

InvertebratesIn

vert

ebra

tes

Protozoa(single celled )

Porifera(pore bearing)

Coelentera/ Cnidaria(hollow sac-like)

Platyhelminths(flatworms)

Nemathelminths(roundworms)

InvertebratesIn

vert

ebra

tes Annelids

(segmented worms)

Molluscs(soft bodied, shelled)

Arthropods(with jointed legs)

Echinoderms(spiny-skinned )

Single celled animals (Protozoans)

• Small, microscopic, single celled.• Occur everywhere- in soil, in water and

even inside the bodies of other animals including humans.

• Some may cause diseases like malaria, dysentery, etc.

• Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium,, Plasmodium (malarial parasite)

PLASMODIUM

PARAMECIUM

AMOEBA

Pore bearing animals (Poriferans)

• Mostly found in sea, very few occur in fresh water.

• Fixed to some object or to the bottom of the pond or ocean.

• Body is porous, i.e bear many tiny pores to draw water into the body cavity and one large pore to pass it out.

• Examples: Sponge

BATH SPONGE

FINGER SPONGE

BASKET SPONGE

Hollow sac-like animals (Coelenterates, now called Cnidarians)

• Cnidarians are incredibly diverse in form. These diverse animals are all armed with stinging cells called nematocysts.

• They may look like day-glo flora, but cnidarians are actually carnivorous fauna. Cnidarians are either polyps, such as sea anemones or coral, or free-floating , such as jellyfish.

Sea anemone- coral colony Pink hearted hydroids

Jelly fish Sea anemone

Despite their simple construction, the tentacles of Hydra are extraordinarily extensible and can be four to five times the length of the body.

Hydra

• Aquatic animals.• Tube-like body with only one opening i.e.

mouth.• Mouth surrounded by finger-like

projections called tentacles for catching food.

• The body is radially symmetrical, that is, the body can be divided into two identical halves along any plane.

• Examples: Jelly fish, hydra, sea-anemone.

Flatworms (Platyhelminths)

• Body thin and flattened.• Mostly live as parasites in the bodies of

other animals(host).• Example: Tapeworm- it absorbs

digested food from human intestine-common in beef and pork eaters.

Tapeworm

Liverfluke

Roundworms (Nemathelminths)

• Body elongated and unsegmented.• Some are thread-like.• Mostly live as parasites in the bodies of

other animals(host) including humans.• Example: Ascaris- intestine of

humans, commonly in children who eat with unwashed hands.

Segmented worms (Annelids)

• Body composed of rings or segments.• They have body cavity.• They have special organs for excretion

called nephridia.• Example: Earthworm, leech.

Soft bodied, shelled animals (Molluscs)

• Soft body which is not segmented.• Body enclosed in a hard shell.• Example: snail, slug, pearl oyster,

octopus.

Snail Slug

Pearl oyster

Animals with jointed legs (Arthropods)

• It is the larges phylum of invertebrates.• Body is divided into three regions-

head, thorax and abdomen; and covered with tough covering (in most cases).

• Body has paired appendages with many joints.

• Example: Butterfly, spider, crab, ant, prawn, scorpion, etc.

Crab

Ant

Lobster Prawn

Butterfly

Spiny-skinned Animals (Echinoderms)

• Body is rough and spiny and is star like or ball like.

• No head or tail, no left or right side.• Example: Starfish, sea urchin.

Star fish Sea urchin

Binomial Nomenclature:

• It is the scientific method of writing name of the organism using a two-part method.

• The first part is the name of the genus to which the organism belongs and the second part is the name of that particular species.

• Such scientific names are underlined when hand written and are in italics when typed.

• This method was introduced by a Swedish biologist, Carolus Linnaeus.

• Example: Mango - Mangifera indica (hand written) Mangifera indica (typed)– Panthera leo – lion– Panthera tigris – tiger– Homo sapiens - human

Carolus Linnaeus

Classification of animals on basis of mode of life

Terrestrial

Cat Zebra

Aquatic

Fish Whale

Burrowing

Rat Snake

Arboreal

Squirrel Monkey

Aerial

Bat Bird

Classification of animals on basis of food habits

Herbivorous

Cow Elephant

Carnivorous

Lion Tiger

Omnivorous

Crow Bear

Parasitic

Tapeworm Leech