Chapter 3Chapter 3

Carbon Compounds in CellsCarbon Compounds in Cells

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

Contain Contain carboncarbon and one or more and one or more additional elements additional elements

ONLY living things can ONLY living things can synthesize organic compoundssynthesize organic compounds

Carbon BondingCarbon Bonding C, H, O & N are the most abundant C, H, O & N are the most abundant elements in living thingselements in living things

Most of the H & O are linked as Most of the H & O are linked as waterwater

How many covalent bonds can carbon How many covalent bonds can carbon form? form?

Helps form hydrocarbon backbone of Helps form hydrocarbon backbone of organic moleculesorganic molecules

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups

Atoms or groups of atoms that are Atoms or groups of atoms that are bonded to the carbon backbonebonded to the carbon backbone

Give distinct properties such as Give distinct properties such as solubility and chemical reactivity solubility and chemical reactivity to the entire moleculeto the entire molecule

CD ROM 1-2CD ROM 1-2

MonomersMonomers PolymersPolymers

Small moleculesSmall molecules Building blocks Building blocks joined to make joined to make polymerspolymers

Amino acidsAmino acids Fatty acidsFatty acids MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides NucleotidesNucleotides

Large moleculesLarge molecules Can be broken Can be broken down to form down to form monomersmonomers

ProteinsProteins LipidsLipids CarbohydrateCarbohydrate Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

CondensationCondensation Hydrolysis Hydrolysis

Joins two Joins two moleculesmolecules

One molecule One molecule loses a H+; the loses a H+; the other a OH- to other a OH- to form waterform water

Catalyzed by Catalyzed by enzymesenzymes

One molecule is One molecule is split into twosplit into two

The H+ and OH- The H+ and OH- from water are from water are used to split the used to split the moleculemolecule

Catalyzed by Catalyzed by enzymesenzymes

CD ROM 1-4CD ROM 1-4

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides = simplest sugar molecule = simplest sugar molecule Soluble in water, sweet to tasteSoluble in water, sweet to taste Look for –OH groups in the structural formulaLook for –OH groups in the structural formula

ExamplesExamples Glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyriboseGlucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose

DissacharidesDissacharides Two monosaccharides sugars joined by Two monosaccharides sugars joined by what type of reaction?what type of reaction?

CONDENSATION!!!!CONDENSATION!!!! Examples:Examples: SucroseSucrose MaltoseMaltose

CD ROM 2-2CD ROM 2-2

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides Large molecules made of many Large molecules made of many monosaccharides joined by what reaction?monosaccharides joined by what reaction?

CONDENSATION!!!CONDENSATION!!! Can be broken down to release energy by Can be broken down to release energy by what reaction?what reaction?

HYDROLYSIS!!!HYDROLYSIS!!! Examples:Examples:

StarchStarch = plant storage form of energy = plant storage form of energy CDROM CDROM 2-32-3

CelluloseCellulose = fiber-like structure found in plant = fiber-like structure found in plant cell wallscell walls

GlycogenGlycogen = animal storage form of energy = animal storage form of energy ChitinChitin = structural; found in exoskeletons and = structural; found in exoskeletons and fungal cell wallsfungal cell walls

LipidsLipids A.K.A. FatsA.K.A. Fats Greasy, oily with little tendency Greasy, oily with little tendency to dissolve in water – They’re to dissolve in water – They’re hydro------hydro------

Functions of LipidsFunctions of Lipids Energy storageEnergy storage Form membranesForm membranes Form coatingsForm coatings InsulationInsulation Used as hormonesUsed as hormones

The “Building Blocks” The “Building Blocks” of Lipidsof Lipids

Fatty AcidsFatty Acids – long hydrocarbon chain – long hydrocarbon chain with a COOH group at one endwith a COOH group at one end UnsaturatedUnsaturated fats (oils) are liquid @ room fats (oils) are liquid @ room temp. Why?temp. Why?

Double bonds between the carbons cause “kinks” Double bonds between the carbons cause “kinks” in the fatty acid tails and gives them a in the fatty acid tails and gives them a little wiggle roomlittle wiggle room

SaturatedSaturated Fats are solid @ room temp. Why? Fats are solid @ room temp. Why? Single bonds between the carbons make the Single bonds between the carbons make the tails straighttails straight

CD ROM 3-1CD ROM 3-1

How do we build lipids?How do we build lipids? Add one, two or three fatty Add one, two or three fatty acid tails to a glycerol acid tails to a glycerol (alcohol) molecule by what type (alcohol) molecule by what type of reaction?of reaction?

CONDENSATION!!!!!CONDENSATION!!!!!

CD ROM 3-2CD ROM 3-2

PhospholipidsPhospholipids

Two fatty acids + phosphate group + Two fatty acids + phosphate group + glycerolglycerol

Main structure of the lipid bilayer Main structure of the lipid bilayer in cell membranesin cell membranes

CD ROM 3-3CD ROM 3-3

SterolsSterols

4 Carbon Rings, but NO fatty 4 Carbon Rings, but NO fatty acid tailsacid tails

Cholesterol is an example; can Cholesterol is an example; can be modified to form sex be modified to form sex hormones and vitamin Dhormones and vitamin D

CD ROM 3-4CD ROM 3-4

WaxesWaxes Attachment of long chain fatty Attachment of long chain fatty acids to alcohols or carbon acids to alcohols or carbon ringsrings

Serve as coatings for plant Serve as coatings for plant parts and animal coveringsparts and animal coverings

ProteinsProteins

FunctionsFunctions EnzymesEnzymes Structural material (muscle, Structural material (muscle, bones ,etc.)bones ,etc.)

HormonesHormones AntibodiesAntibodies Cell movement (muscle cell Cell movement (muscle cell contraction, etc.)contraction, etc.)

Storage and transport agentsStorage and transport agents

Amino Acid structureAmino Acid structure The “Building Blocks” of proteinsThe “Building Blocks” of proteins Monomers that are made of a Monomers that are made of a central carbon atom, an amino central carbon atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen and one of twenty R hydrogen and one of twenty R groupsgroups

CD ROM 4-1CD ROM 4-1

Polypeptide ChainsPolypeptide Chains PrimaryPrimary structure is the order of the structure is the order of the amino acids linked together by peptide amino acids linked together by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chainsbonds to form polypeptide chains

What reaction links one amino acid to What reaction links one amino acid to another?another?

There are 20 different amino acidsThere are 20 different amino acids CD ROM 4-2CD ROM 4-2 How do amino acids differ from one How do amino acids differ from one another?another?

What ultimately determines the order What ultimately determines the order of the amino acids?of the amino acids? DNA!!DNA!!

A Protein’s Final ShapeA Protein’s Final Shape Remember: Structure determines Remember: Structure determines function!!function!!

Secondary structure (coil or sheet) is Secondary structure (coil or sheet) is determined by hydrogen bonding of side determined by hydrogen bonding of side groups on the amino acid chainsgroups on the amino acid chains

Tertiary structure is the folding Tertiary structure is the folding caused by R group interactions on the caused by R group interactions on the polypeptide chainpolypeptide chain

CD ROM 5-1CD ROM 5-1 Quaternary structure is the final 3-D Quaternary structure is the final 3-D shape that results when two or more shape that results when two or more polypeptide chains fold togetherpolypeptide chains fold together

CD ROM 5-2CD ROM 5-2

Denatured ProteinsDenatured Proteins

Loses it’s structure, therefore it Loses it’s structure, therefore it loses it’s --------loses it’s --------

Happens because weak H-bonds are Happens because weak H-bonds are brokenbroken High TemperaturesHigh Temperatures pH changepH change NOT reversibleNOT reversible

Mistakes in protein Mistakes in protein structurestructure

If DNA is altered, the wrong amino acid If DNA is altered, the wrong amino acid may inserted in the polypeptide chainmay inserted in the polypeptide chain

In Sickle Cell Anemia, valine is In Sickle Cell Anemia, valine is substituted for glutamate in the protein substituted for glutamate in the protein hemoglobinhemoglobin

CD ROM 5-3CD ROM 5-3 If a person inherits two mutated genes, If a person inherits two mutated genes, the hemoglobin doesn’t have the correct the hemoglobin doesn’t have the correct shape and forms sickle shaped blood cellsshape and forms sickle shaped blood cells

CD ROM 5-4CD ROM 5-4

NucleotidesNucleotides Nucleotides are the “building Nucleotides are the “building blocks” of nucleic acidsblocks” of nucleic acids

Nucleotide = sugar + phosphate + Nucleotide = sugar + phosphate + basebase

Examples: Examples: ATP (energy carrier) CD ROM 6-1ATP (energy carrier) CD ROM 6-1 NAD+ and FAD (electron carriers) CD NAD+ and FAD (electron carriers) CD ROM 6-2ROM 6-2

Kinds used to build DNA/RNAKinds used to build DNA/RNA

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids Four different kinds of nucleotides are Four different kinds of nucleotides are connected together connected together

What reaction joins nucleotides together?What reaction joins nucleotides together? Examples:Examples:

DNADNA = double stranded; contains hereditary = double stranded; contains hereditary instructions CD ROM 6-3instructions CD ROM 6-3

RNARNA = single stranded; functions in = single stranded; functions in translating the code to build proteins CD translating the code to build proteins CD ROM 6-4ROM 6-4

End of Chapter 3End of Chapter 3