CARBONCARBONStructure , Bonds and Structure , Bonds and

MoleculesMolecules

HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONSCompounds that contain the elements HYDROGEN AND CARBON

Organic Molecules: Organic Molecules: HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS

As you add more carbon to the hydrocarbon, the molecule becomes heavier and properties change.

NameMolecular Formula

Molecular Mass

Melting Point (oC)

Boiling Point (oC)

State Density Uses

methane CH4 16 -182 -162 gas   natural gas (fuel)

ethane C2H6 30 -183 -88.6 gas   natural gas (fuel)

propane C3H8 44 -188 -42.1 gas  

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),

bottled gas (fuel)

butane C4H10 58 -138 -0.5 gas  

liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), cigarette lighters (fuel)

pentane C5H12 72 -130 36.1 liquid 0.626 petrol (fuel)

hexane C6H14 86 -95.3 68.7 liquid 0.659 petrol (fuel)

decane C10H22 142 -30 174 liquid 0.730 petrol (fuel)

hexadecane C16H34 226 18.5 288 liquid 0.775diesel fuel & heating

oil

eicosane C20H42 282 36 343 solid    

Organic Molecules: Organic Molecules: HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS

How do we separate the different weights so we can use them?

Fractional distillation.http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining4.htm

VIDEO – REAL PLAYER

How do we use MANY hydrocarbons? How do we use MANY hydrocarbons? COMBUSTIONCOMBUSTION

Burning coalBurning coal:: C + OC + O22 CO CO22

Burning natural gasBurning natural gas:: CHCH44 + 2O + 2O22 CO CO22 + 2H + 2H22OO

Burning gasolineBurning gasoline:: 2C2C88HH1818 + 25O + 25O22 16CO 16CO22 + + 18H18H2200

Incomplete combustion creates CO (carbon Incomplete combustion creates CO (carbon monoxide) instead of COmonoxide) instead of CO22

2CH2CH44 + 3O + 3O22 2CO + 4H 2CO + 4H22OO

Organic Molecules: Organic Molecules: HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

ALL COMPLETE combustion creates CO2, which makes rain slightly acidic

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 (Carbonic acid)

BUT, often times fossil fuels contain NITROGEN AND SULFUR.

When they are burned, they combine with water and create ACID RAIN.

Combustion of gasoline creates NO2

NO2 + H2O H2NO3 (Nitric acid)

Combustion of coal creates SO3

SO3 + H2O H2SO4 (Sulfuric acid)

Organic Molecules: Organic Molecules: HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

PolymerPolymerss

Carbon-based Carbon-based compoundscompounds

OTHER USES OF CARBON-BASED COMPOUNDS

PolymersPolymers

Carbon-based compoundsCarbon-based compounds1.1. TAKE A GUESS (INFER):TAKE A GUESS (INFER):

How does JELLO (a powdery, carbon-based How does JELLO (a powdery, carbon-based compound) become a solid?compound) become a solid?

How does your body produce hair, muscle How does your body produce hair, muscle and skin?and skin?

How can they make a solid plastic out of How can they make a solid plastic out of liquid petroleum, or rubber out of liquid liquid petroleum, or rubber out of liquid

sap?sap?

MOLECULES OF LIFEMOLECULES OF LIFEWe are all CBLF’s (carbon-based We are all CBLF’s (carbon-based life forms)life forms)

•CARBON CAN FORM AN INCREDIBLE CARBON CAN FORM AN INCREDIBLE VARIETY OF MOLECULES!!!VARIETY OF MOLECULES!!!

BASIC STRUCTURAL FEATURES:A. MULTIPLE BONDS

•SINGLE BONDS: -ane •DOUBLE BONDS: - ene•TRIPLE BONDS: -yne

B. STRAIGHT OR BRANCHED CHAINS

C. ISOMERS

D. RINGS - Aromatics

Each corner represents a carbon atom.

Ring size can vary from three to eight.

POLYMERSPOLYMERS Carbon atoms can bond to one Carbon atoms can bond to one

another in chains to form a variety of another in chains to form a variety of structures, including structures, including fossil fuelsfossil fuels such such as coal, as coal, synthetic polymerssynthetic polymers such as such as plastics, and the large plastics, and the large molecules of molecules of lifelife, such as proteins and lipids., such as proteins and lipids.

Molecular structure of Coal

Lipid

Polyethylene

All of this allows Carbon to create:

GIANT MOLECULES called POLYMERS

100’s to 1000’s of smaller molecules joined together.Polymers ARE CHAINS OF

Monomers joined together.

monomer

polymer

POLYMERS (the whole train) are made out of MONOMERS (individual cars of the train)

joined together.

PolymersPolymers Polymerization:Polymerization: When carbon molecules When carbon molecules

combine into long chains.combine into long chains. HOW:HOW: This happens when a This happens when a carbon to carbon to

carbon double bond carbon double bond in a monomer is in a monomer is broken and new single bonds are formed broken and new single bonds are formed creating a polymer.creating a polymer.

                                                                                                                                                            

http://www.tvo.org/iqm/plastic/animations.html#

PolymersPolymers PolymerizationPolymerization of polypropylene of polypropylene

(propene).(propene).

PolymersPolymersPolymerization: Polymerization: (of polyethylene)(of polyethylene)

PolymersPolymersPolymerization: Polymerization: (of nylon)(of nylon)

PolymersPolymersThree main shapes of polymers are Three main shapes of polymers are

formed:formed:

A.A.STRAIGHT CHAINS (Linear)STRAIGHT CHAINS (Linear)

B.B. BRANCHED CHAINSBRANCHED CHAINS

C.C. CROSS-LINKED CHAINSCROSS-LINKED CHAINS

PolymersPolymers

NOT ALL POLYMER FORMING NOT ALL POLYMER FORMING REACTIONS CAN GO BY THEMSELVES.REACTIONS CAN GO BY THEMSELVES.

Catalyst: Catalyst: A chemical substance that A chemical substance that STARTS or STARTS or INCREASESINCREASES the rate of a the rate of a reaction without being used in the reaction without being used in the polymer.polymer. http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/mechism/polvincl.htm

PolymersPolymersCatalyst: Catalyst: A chemical substance that A chemical substance that

increases the rate of a reaction increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed.without being consumed.

Carbon Polymers - Carbon Polymers - ReviewReview

1.1. Polymers are carbon atoms bonded to Polymers are carbon atoms bonded to one another in straight, branched or one another in straight, branched or cross-linked chainscross-linked chains

2.2. 3 TYPES carbon-based compounds: 3 TYPES carbon-based compounds: fossil fossil fuels,fuels, synthetic polymers,synthetic polymers, and and biopolymersbiopolymers

3.3. Polymers are formedPolymers are formed through a process through a process called called polymerizationpolymerization

4.4. Catalyst:Catalyst: STARTS or STARTS or INCREASESINCREASES the the rate of the reaction without being used rate of the reaction without being used upup

Carbon Polymers - Carbon Polymers - JournalJournal

1.1. Define “polymer”. Define “monomer”.Define “polymer”. Define “monomer”.

2.2. Name the 3 main types of carbon-based Name the 3 main types of carbon-based compounds and give an example of eachcompounds and give an example of each

3.3. Draw the structural formula for the monomer Draw the structural formula for the monomer “ethylene” and part of the structural formula “ethylene” and part of the structural formula for the polymer “polyethylene”for the polymer “polyethylene”

4.4. Define Define polymerizationpolymerization

5.5. What is a “Catalyst”? (use your What is a “Catalyst”? (use your resources)resources)

Carbon Polymers - Carbon Polymers - JournalJournal

1.1. Write down the name, and some of the Write down the name, and some of the properties of the plastic on your desk.properties of the plastic on your desk.

2.2. Quick draw an image of both the Quick draw an image of both the monomer and polymer of ethylene.monomer and polymer of ethylene.

3.3. Re-Read the Polymer Lab Sheet from Re-Read the Polymer Lab Sheet from the back of the room.the back of the room.

4.4. Choose which test (tensile, abrasion, Choose which test (tensile, abrasion, puncture) that you would want to run, puncture) that you would want to run, and begin filling out the back of the and begin filling out the back of the

sheet.sheet.