CHAPTER 29

The Turbulent Years

1960 – 1968

 

"We're all Africans in different shades of color."  Dolores Huerta

"There is nothing but a lack of social vision to prevent us from paying an adequate wage to every American citizen whether he be a hospital

worker, laundry worker, maid, or day laborer." Martin Luther King, Jr. [Where Do We Go From Here?]

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Be Angry at the Sun [1941] 

"That public men publish falsehoodsIs nothing new. That America must accept

Like the historical republics corruption and empireHas been known for years. . . .

Be angry at the sun for settingIf these things anger you. Watch the wheel slope and turn,

They are all bound on the wheel, these people, those warriors.This republic, Europe, Asia.

Let boys want pleasure, and menStruggle for power, and women perhaps for fame,

And the servile to serve a Leader and the dupes to be duped.Yours is not theirs." 

Robinson Jeffers

"I do not agree that the dog in a manger has the final right to the manger even though he may have lain there for a very long time. I do not admit that right. I do not admit for instance, that a great wrong has been done to the Red Indians of America or the black people of Australia. I do not admit that a wrong has been done to these people by the fact that a stronger race, a higher-grade race, a more worldly wise race to put it that way, has come in and taken their place." 

Sir Winston Churchill

Chapter Review

Define the meaning of John F. Kennedy’s “New Frontier;”

describe the successes and failures of his administration. Explain the events surrounding the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Explain the historical significance of the 1963 March on Washington. Briefly describe the presidency of Lyndon Johnson, and identify some

of the domestic programs that comprised his “Great Society.” Briefly explain the shift from conciliation to confrontation in the civil

rights movement of the mid-1960s. Describe some of the reasons for the shift in the national mood from

hopeful and optimistic to angry and suspicious by the end of 1968.

Concepts

John Glenn Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs, October ’62 missile crisis, U-2 Freedom Riders Robert Kennedy, Cesar Chavez Betty Friedan Fannie Lou Farmer, Stokely Carmichael, Black Power Lee Harvey Oswald Lyndon B. Johnson, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, War on Poverty Students for a Democratic Society, Tom Hayden Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Jr., Black Panthers, Huey Newton General Wm Westmoreland, Tet Offensive Richard Nixon, John F. Kennedy Berkeley in the 1960s, Mario Savio, Free Speech Movement Jefferson Airplane, CSNY, Hendrix, Clapton, Beatles, Stones, Bob

Dylan

I. Early Tests

JFK increases Social Security, establishes Peace Corps, and sets out on “space race”

First crisis occurs in failed overthrow of Castro at Cuba’s Bay of Pigs Soviet Union erects Berlin Wall Freedom Riders desegregate transportation JFK sees economy as first priority [Walter Heller cuts income tax]

II. Social and Political Challenges

James Meredith enters University of Mississippi Cuban Missile Crisis frightens world in October 1962

Soviets build nuclear missile silos, and Kennedy orders them out JFK holds hard line, and Soviets give in

Vietnam involves Kennedy and America

III. The Rights Revolution: Early Steps

Martin Luther King, Jr. galvanizes civil rights movement Birmingham boycotters gain sympathy of white Americans March of Washington provides forum for MLK’s “I Have a Dream”

speech

Feminists also change country

IV. Tragedy and Transition

Kennedy assassination shocks nation James Garrison conspiracy theory, role of CIA

Lyndon Johnson replaces fallen president LBJ accomplishes much in first months LBJ wins landslide victory in 1964

War on Poverty Vietnam “The only woman I really loved was the “Great Society”

and I lost her for that bitch of a war, Vietnam.” LBJ

The Election of 1964 [Republican Convention in SF]

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V. The Great Society

Johnson declares “war on poverty,” with VISTA, Head Start, and food stamps

Medicare and Medicaid are created Immigration laws are relaxed

VI. The Expanding War

Aiming for containment, Johnson sends American troops to Vietnam in 1965 -- EB’s Ernie Dominguez, Bob Ray

University campuses erupt in anti-war protests UC Berkeley “Free Speech Movement,” Mario Savio

Vietnam War

VII. The Rights Revolution: Center Stage

Major legislation improves civil rights 1964 Civil Rights Act, 1965 Voting Rights Act Watts riots shock nation in 1968 Black Muslims and Black Panthers arise as alternative

to MLK’s teachings Malcolm X, Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver

Feminists push for Equal Rights Amendment Hippies and the counterculture refuse to get

involved

The Struggle for the Equal Rights Amendment

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VIII. A Divided Nation

Tet Offensive convinces many Americans Vietnam is lost cause Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

LBJ steps down, and Democrats jockey for nomination

Both Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy are assassinated, 1968

Democratic convention brings discord in Chicago CSNY: “Chicago,” and “Ohio”

Republicans choose Nixon, who wins narrow victory Herb Klein, press secretary

Vietnam War

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Election of 1968

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