Chapter 26 Chapter 26

Review and DiscussionReview and Discussion

What led to the creation of new states in Africa? Also tell What led to the creation of new states in Africa? Also tell me about kingdom of Zulu?me about kingdom of Zulu?

New statesNew states were founded by African leaders in response to internal were founded by African leaders in response to internal

conditions, and not by European or other outside pressures. conditions, and not by European or other outside pressures. Serious droughts created conflict over grazing and farming Serious droughts created conflict over grazing and farming

landslands Shaka ZuluShaka Zulu

Shaka’s military leadership brought neighboring groups under Shaka’s military leadership brought neighboring groups under centralized control.centralized control.

Built the most powerful and most feared fighters in southern Built the most powerful and most feared fighters in southern Africa Africa

Succeeded in creating a new national identity as well as new Succeeded in creating a new national identity as well as new kingdom kingdom

The Zulu in turn fostered the creation of other states—states The Zulu in turn fostered the creation of other states—states that were formed in opposition to the power of the Zulu. that were formed in opposition to the power of the Zulu.

What was the nature of European contact with What was the nature of European contact with North Africa between 1800 and 1870?North Africa between 1800 and 1870?

Contacts with Europeans varied from peaceful relations to full-Contacts with Europeans varied from peaceful relations to full-scale invasions. scale invasions.

EgyptEgypt Napoleon’s occupation made Egyptian leaders aware of the Napoleon’s occupation made Egyptian leaders aware of the

need to modernize and militarize the country’s military and need to modernize and militarize the country’s military and government to meet future European threats. government to meet future European threats.

However, over-reliance on cotton exports and too rapid However, over-reliance on cotton exports and too rapid expansion of industry created an Egyptian state indebted to and expansion of industry created an Egyptian state indebted to and partly controlled by the British. partly controlled by the British.

Algeria Algeria was initially friendly with France and supplied Napoleon with was initially friendly with France and supplied Napoleon with

grain for his Egyptian invasion in 1798. grain for his Egyptian invasion in 1798. French failure to accede to Algerian demands for repayment French failure to accede to Algerian demands for repayment

resulted in the French invasion in 1830 and the occupation of resulted in the French invasion in 1830 and the occupation of Algeria was completed by 1848.Algeria was completed by 1848.

What led to the end of the Slave trade? How did West What led to the end of the Slave trade? How did West Africans react to the end of the Atlantic slave trade?Africans react to the end of the Atlantic slave trade?

British and the Americans British and the Americans were among the first to prevent their citizens from engaging in the were among the first to prevent their citizens from engaging in the

importation of slavesimportation of slaves Slave revolts and humanitarian reforms led to the end of the slave trade Slave revolts and humanitarian reforms led to the end of the slave trade

Spanish and PortugalSpanish and Portugal continued the flow of Africans to the Americas. continued the flow of Africans to the Americas.

AfricaAfrica African reaction was gradual, as was the suppression of the slave trade African reaction was gradual, as was the suppression of the slave trade

itself. itself. Suppression began in 1808 and continued until the trade finally ended in Suppression began in 1808 and continued until the trade finally ended in

1867. 1867. West Africans West Africans

substituted numerous “legitimate” exports to replace slaves, particularly substituted numerous “legitimate” exports to replace slaves, particularly palm oil (most successful export), gold, and ivory. palm oil (most successful export), gold, and ivory.

also used slaves internallyalso used slaves internally slave labor contributed significantly to the transport of palm oil. Thus, the slave labor contributed significantly to the transport of palm oil. Thus, the

end of the slave trade led to many changes in West Africa.end of the slave trade led to many changes in West Africa.

What was the nature of the “secondary empires” in What was the nature of the “secondary empires” in eastern Africa in the nineteenth century? eastern Africa in the nineteenth century?

Eastern empiresEastern empires The effects of the slave trade, agriculture, and ivory exports The effects of the slave trade, agriculture, and ivory exports

established new East African empires. established new East African empires. They are referred to as “secondary empires” because of their They are referred to as “secondary empires” because of their

close trading connection to existing European empires. Created close trading connection to existing European empires. Created and controlled by Arabs and Africans, these East African and controlled by Arabs and Africans, these East African empires came into being partly as a result of the suppression of empires came into being partly as a result of the suppression of the West African slave trade. the West African slave trade.

Eastern slave tradeEastern slave trade Reacting to British pressure, slave traders moved around the Reacting to British pressure, slave traders moved around the

Cape of Good Hope into eastern Africa. Although twice as Cape of Good Hope into eastern Africa. Although twice as many African slaves were sold through the well-established many African slaves were sold through the well-established North African and Middle Eastern trade than exported to the North African and Middle Eastern trade than exported to the Americas, the numbers were still substantial. Americas, the numbers were still substantial.

Slavery within eastern Africa also remained significant, with Slavery within eastern Africa also remained significant, with 700,000 slaves working on clove plantations. Those agricultural 700,000 slaves working on clove plantations. Those agricultural plantations and the ivory trade resulted in the establishment of plantations and the ivory trade resulted in the establishment of new and strengthened African states.new and strengthened African states.

After the establishment of the British East India After the establishment of the British East India Company (EIC) in 1600, it took Great Britain over 250 Company (EIC) in 1600, it took Great Britain over 250 years to gain complete control of India. Explain how years to gain complete control of India. Explain how

Britain extended its control there.Britain extended its control there. The British struggle for power in India had several phases. The British struggle for power in India had several phases.

Britain needed to defeat the Dutch and French interests and to overcome Britain needed to defeat the Dutch and French interests and to overcome Indian and Mughal resistance. Indian and Mughal resistance.

EIC EIC used hired Indian troops, sepoys, to establish its power used hired Indian troops, sepoys, to establish its power It secured Indian territory region by region, either by forming alliances with It secured Indian territory region by region, either by forming alliances with

Indian rulers or by asserting direct control with military force. Indian rulers or by asserting direct control with military force. Indian tax revenues and company profits combined to finance EIC efforts. Indian tax revenues and company profits combined to finance EIC efforts. By 1818, the EIC controlled a large Indian empire By 1818, the EIC controlled a large Indian empire Transformed the economy by exporting agricultural production and Transformed the economy by exporting agricultural production and

decreasing industrial outputdecreasing industrial output The British supported and created new customs and “traditions,” which were The British supported and created new customs and “traditions,” which were

meant to maintain the social and political hierarchies and thus consolidated meant to maintain the social and political hierarchies and thus consolidated British power. British power.

Aftermath of the 1857 Sepoy uprisingAftermath of the 1857 Sepoy uprising Britain had complete control, confirmed by Queen Victoria’s proclamation in Britain had complete control, confirmed by Queen Victoria’s proclamation in

1858.1858.

Why is the rebellion of 1857-1858 a turning point in Why is the rebellion of 1857-1858 a turning point in the history of modern India. the history of modern India.

Government Government Formed a centralized government and national consciousness, Mughal and Formed a centralized government and national consciousness, Mughal and

EIC rule ended and a British governor-general took control.EIC rule ended and a British governor-general took control. Indians were promised equal protection under the law. Indians were promised equal protection under the law. The elite Indian Civil Service (mostly educated British administrators) The elite Indian Civil Service (mostly educated British administrators)

controlled government administration and the judiciary. controlled government administration and the judiciary. Economic growthEconomic growth

Indians enjoyed the economic growth that accompanied tremendous Indians enjoyed the economic growth that accompanied tremendous improvements in transportation and infrastructure.improvements in transportation and infrastructure.

The British government invested heavily in the upgrading of harbors, The British government invested heavily in the upgrading of harbors, waterways, and roads; it also felled forests to expand agriculture. waterways, and roads; it also felled forests to expand agriculture.

Steamboats, telegraphs, and railroads expanded at rapid rates, and the Steamboats, telegraphs, and railroads expanded at rapid rates, and the economy boomed. economy boomed.

DrawbacksDrawbacks Some Indian craft workers lost their jobs in the face of rising British imports, Some Indian craft workers lost their jobs in the face of rising British imports,

and the new centralized government was dominated by British interests. and the new centralized government was dominated by British interests.

Describe the changes that took place between 1750 and Describe the changes that took place between 1750 and 1850 in the British Overseas Empire? Why was Australia 1850 in the British Overseas Empire? Why was Australia and New Zealand different from other overseas empire?and New Zealand different from other overseas empire?

Technological advances and economic changesTechnological advances and economic changes in ships and shipping, together with the rise of free trade and the decline of in ships and shipping, together with the rise of free trade and the decline of

mercantilism, altered the British Empire in fundamental ways. mercantilism, altered the British Empire in fundamental ways. GoalGoal

This new empire building was focused on dominating trade and promoting This new empire building was focused on dominating trade and promoting trade overseas. trade overseas.

British Cape Colony in southern Africa served as a base for long-distance British Cape Colony in southern Africa served as a base for long-distance trade to India. trade to India.

Australia and New Zealand Australia and New Zealand were different from Britain’s African and Indian colonies in that they were were different from Britain’s African and Indian colonies in that they were

intended as areas of European settlement. intended as areas of European settlement. resembled the former British colonies in North America (Exp: Displacing the resembled the former British colonies in North America (Exp: Displacing the

indigenous people) indigenous people) As settler colonies, Australia and New Zealand were allowed more political As settler colonies, Australia and New Zealand were allowed more political

freedom and independence than colonies in Africa or India. In granting freedom and independence than colonies in Africa or India. In granting Australia and New Zealand more autonomy, Britain hoped to retain the Australia and New Zealand more autonomy, Britain hoped to retain the loyalty of these settlers.loyalty of these settlers.

After the freeing of their slaves , how did British After the freeing of their slaves , how did British and other plantation colonies fill their needs for and other plantation colonies fill their needs for

labor? Where did the laborers come from? labor? Where did the laborers come from? Need for laborNeed for labor

After emancipation, plantation colonies continued to need new laborers. After emancipation, plantation colonies continued to need new laborers. Many emancipated workers refused to return to the plantations. Many emancipated workers refused to return to the plantations.

Indentured servantsIndentured servants Many Africans, Chinese, Indians, and Pacific Islanders were recruited and Many Africans, Chinese, Indians, and Pacific Islanders were recruited and

signed contracts ranging from five to seven years as indentured laborers. signed contracts ranging from five to seven years as indentured laborers. They came in the hopes of bettering their economic and social statusThey came in the hopes of bettering their economic and social status Some Africans who were recruited for work on plantations had been Some Africans who were recruited for work on plantations had been

rescued from slave ships by the Royal Navy’s antislavery squadrons. rescued from slave ships by the Royal Navy’s antislavery squadrons. Most indentured laborers came from India—a British colony—and were sent Most indentured laborers came from India—a British colony—and were sent

to British colonies and those of other nations around the world. to British colonies and those of other nations around the world. Crucial to the movement of such large numbers of workers was the Crucial to the movement of such large numbers of workers was the

development of larger and faster ships.development of larger and faster ships.