Chapter 26-2

18th Century Art in Europe and North America

Revivals and Romanticism in Britain

Artist: Richard Boyle (Lord Burlington) Title: Chiswick House Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: 1724–29 Interior decoration (1726–29) and new gardens (1730–40) by William Kent Source/ Museum: West London, England

Took a stand against baroque and rococo embellishments, returned to the simplicity of Andrea Palladio, bilateral symmetry, octagonal, 2 entrances, 2 stair cases, revival of Pallodio design with some crisp added features

Landscape architecture- gardens designed to attract attention like architecture or help to enhance the architecture around it Growing enlightenment and emphasis on the natural Showcasing of the picturesque, with roman and Greek hints Grottos, replica of the Parthenon, gothic spire, Turkish tent, Chinese bridge Like any artist we have seen?

Artist: Henry Flitcroft and Henry Hoare Title: The Park at Stourhead Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: Laid out 1743; executed 1744–65, with continuing additions Source/ Museum: Wiltshire, England

Artist: Horace Walpole and others Title: Strawberry Hill Date: 1749–76 Source/ Museum: Twickenham, England

Part of the gothic revival, manifestation of architectural romanitism 30 years transforming home Turrets crenellated battlements tracery

Artist: Horace Walpole, John Chute, and Richard Bentley Title: Library, Strawberry Hill Date: After 1754

Artist: Josiah Wedgwood Title: Vase: The Apotheosis of Homer Medium: White jasper body with a mid-blue dip and white relief Size: height 18" (45.7 cm) Date: 1786 Source/ Museum: Made at the Wedgwood Etruria factory, Staffordshire, England. Relief of The Apotheosis of Homeradapted from plaque by John Flaxman, Jr., 1778. Trustees of the Wedgwood Museum, Barlaston, Staffordshire, England

Wedgewood the most respected neo-classic sculptor in England Set up shops with his own kilns and trained workers Developed a jasperware technique, most popular was the white and blue jasperware Classical themes, based on book illustrations Great demands for mass production

Artist: William Hackwood for Josiah Wedgwood Title: “Am I not a Man and a Brother?” Medium: Black and white jasperware Size: 1⅜ X 1⅜" (3.5 X 3.5 cm) Date: 1787 Source/ Museum: Trustees of the Wedgwood Museum, Barlaston, Staffordshire, England

Wedgewood also a member of the slavery abolishment effort Printed these discs/coins Mailed them to Ben Franklin Later women's suffrage had ones that said am I not a women and a sister

Artist: William Hogarth Title: The Marriage Contract Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 27½ X 35¾" (69.9 X 90.8 cm) Date: 1743–45 Source/ Museum: From Marriage à la Mode / The National Gallery London Reproduced by Courtesy of the Trustees

Believe art should contribute to the improvement of society Gout ridden man arranging the marriage of his son to a wealth merchant’s daughter, based on a essay, merchant gains status, man gains money, 5 pictures in total, interesting progression… entertain and teach

Artist: Joshua Reynolds Title: Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 7'10" X 5' (2.42 X 1.53 m) Date: 1765 Source/ Museum: The Art Institute of Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Kimball Collection, 1922.4468

Art should come from studying the past, universal rather than the particular People wanted pictures of themselves not mythology…so you do what? Classic symbols? What is in the painting?

Artist: Thomas Gainsborough Title: Portrait of Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 7'2⅝" X 5'⅝" (2.2 X 1.54 m) Date: 1785–87 Source/ Museum: National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Andrew W. Mellon Collection (1937.1.92)

People at this time were still like the Van dyck style of portraiture were you would place the person in a relaxed position in a natural setting Wind blown hair matches the tree foliage, framing tree, natural slopping background Enlightenment =Nature is the emphasis of natural goodness and beauty

Artist: Joseph Wright Title: An Experiment on a Bird in the Air-Pump Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 6 X 8' (1.82 X 2.43 m) Date: 1768 Source/ Museum: The National Gallery, London

Part of the enlightenment idea was to interest people in science This portrait artist went on the grand tour and began to make painting that were based more on science, member of a society to popularize science Air pump study Science replaces religion as the great light

Artist: Benjamin West Title: The Death of General Wolfe Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 4'11½" X 7' (1.51 X 2.14 m) Date: 1770 Source/ Museum: The National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa.

American born artist studies in Philly then Rome Met winklemann and became a student of mengs Specialized in history paintings that were neoclassical… shock them with this one, important event in the 7 years war, Wolfe died after they won Dramatic sky, exotic interest, --- launched the romantic movement in Britain

Artist: John Henry Fuseli Title: The Nightmare Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 39¾ X 49½" (101 X 127 cm) Date: 1781 Source/ Museum: The Detroit Institute of Arts. Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Bert Smokler and Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence A. Fleischmann

Romanitic paining-celebration of emotion and expression Inspired by english poets, INCUBUS Thought to be an ode to his love, he could not yet marry Critics hated his work, the people loved it Freud hung one in his offic

Artist: William Blake Title: Elohim Creating Adam Medium: Color print finished in pen and watercolor Size: 17 X 21⅛" (43.1 X 53.6 cm) Date: 1795 Source/ Museum: Tate Gallery, London

Fiend of Fusheli Poet, painter, printmaker Advocate for unfettering imagination Good vs. evil Prophetic books- poetry and spirituality Los and Or

1 of 12 Worm symbolizes energy Elohim= god in Hebrew

Later 18th century in France

Artist: Jacques-Germain Soufflot Title: Panthéon (Church of Sainte-Geneviève) Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: 1755–92 Source/ Museum: Paris Classicism is the one true style- 2 fractions Traditionalist vs. radical visionaries Traditionalist- Roman +baroque+ Palladian Portico, central plan, dome Maintain historical continuity of classical tradition

Artist: Jean-Baptiste Greuze Title: The Drunken Cobbler Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 29 ⅝ X 36⅜" (75.2 X 92.4 cm) Date: 1780–85 Source/ Museum: Portland Art Museum, Portland, Oregon. Gift of Marion Bowles Hollis

Middle class drama, teaching lessons ( this one for the husband) Genre painter, wanted to be history painter Whats going on?

Artist: Marie-Louise-Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun Title: Portrait of Marie Antoinette with Her Children Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 9'½" X 7'⅝" (2.75 X 2.15 m) Date: 1787 Source/ Museum: Musée National du Château de Versailles

French painting before the revelation was modified rococo Marie Antoinette's favorite painter Painted as good mother, Meant to counter her public image as selfish, immoral, extravagant, and spoiled Asking for sympathy Empty cradle

Artist: Adélaïde Labille-Guiard Title: Self-Portrait with Two Pupils Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 6'11" X 4'11½" (2.11 X 1.51 m) Date: 1785 Source/ Museum: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Gift of Julia A. Berwind, 1953 (53.225.5)

Painting for the Paris salon, it is monumental Why did she paint herself? Muse? Pyramidal composition

Artist: Jacques-Louis David Title: Oath of the Horatii Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 10'8¼" X 14' (3.26 X 4.27 m) Date: 1784–85 Source/ Museum: Musée du Louvre, Paris

Leading French Neo-classist 1774 Prix de Rome, returned in 1780 Stoic men and emotional women, classic story of early Rome and alba Soon became an emblem of the French revolution, 40,000 people die in the name of democracy

Artist: Jacques-Louis David Title: Death of Marat Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 5'5" X 4'2½" (1.65 X 1.28 m) Date: 1793 Source/ Museum: Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Brussels Commissioned by the Jacobins as tribute to their slain leader Because of a painful skin condition Marat conducted business in the bath tub A young radical of the opposing party gained entrance to his office and stabbed him David shows us the quiet after math of the incident Much like Caravaggio, and Zurbaran

Artist: Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson Title: Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Belley Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 5'2½" X 3'8½" (1.59 X 1.13 m) Date: 1797 Source/ Museum: Musée National du Château de Versailles Influenced by David, Like David's early stylistic and thematic principles Combines graceful simplicity and significant political dimension Representative from Hatii1794 slavery was abolished in the islands 1801 Napoleon reestablished it Bust is of the abbot that said slavery was an abomination which got the ball rolling to remove it Picture a tribute

Artist: Jean-Antoine Houdon Title: George Washington Medium: Marble Size: height 6'2" (1.9 m) Date: 1788–92 Source/ Museum: State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia 1764-68 Prix de Rome Created bust and statues of important people of the era Because of the bust he did for French ambassador Franklin, he asked him to create a full length statue of Washington General uniform but serene expression and contrapposto, 13 rods bound together

Art in North America

Artist: Thomas Jefferson Title: Monticello Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: 1769–82, 1796–1809 Source/ Museum: Charlottesville, Virginia

1789 after going to France, Jefferson came back and redesigned monticello French doors, tall narrow windows,temple front and dome, Humble building materials Attempting to make it look single story