1

An Emerging World Power

Chapter 20

Roots of Expansion

US and the World

1880 – 50 million people

industry – 2nd to Britain

Diplomacy

American Exceptionalism democracy & civilization

Anglo-Saxon superiority

Social Darwinism

foreign affairs

little influence abroad

missionaries

Hawaii

Economy

US planters

1875 – US sugar trade (tax-free)

1887 – US naval rights

use of harbor

Hawaiian Takeover

1890 Tariff – cancelled “tax-free”

sugar planters upset

1893 – Queen Liliuokalani overthrown

appealed for annexation

denied by US

2

Other Pacific Gains

1867 – Alaska

$7.2 million

1867 – Midway

1878 – Samoan Islands

refueling

Economic Expansionism

US GDP

4x from 1870 – 1900

industry exports

1880 – 15%

1900 – 30%

Trade Balance

OVERPRODUCTION!!

Export more than import?

economy slowed

farm prices dropped

Answer = foreign markets!

Alfred Mahan

The Influence of Sea Power upon History

advocated canal

bases in Caribbean

annex Hawaii

stronger navy – 2 oceans

Venezuela Crisis

1895 – border dispute

British Guiana

US – invoked Monroe Doctrine

Britain accepted US demands

Spanish-American War

3

Rebellion

1895 – Jose Marti

revolution against Spain

1896 – Gen. Weyler

“The Butcher”

reconcentration camps

200,000 died

Jingoism

public opinion

extreme support for war

sugar plantations destroyed

yellow journalism

Hearst, Pulitzer

USS Maine

sent to Havana – Jan. 1898

de Lome letter – Feb. 1898

Feb. 15

explosion

McKinley Declares War

demands sent to Spain

ignored

April 11, 1898

Congress declared war

Teller Amendment

Short-Lived War

Philippines

George Dewey defeated Spanish fleet

Aug. 13, 1898 – Manila captured

Hawaii

annexed July 7, 1898

citizenship in 1900

4

Invasion of Cuba

Adm. Cervera – Santiago Harbor

US Army – force Cervera out

“Rough Riders” – TR

Col. Leonard Wood

July 1 – San Juan Hill

July 3 – Cervera defeated

Puerto Rico – little resistance

War ended quickly

Aug. 12, 1898 – armistice

4100 US casualties

Results of the War

Paris Treaty – 1898

US acquisitions

Philippines – paid $20 million

Anti-Imperialist League

Carnegie, Gompers, Addams, Bryan

Congress debate

Wm. Jennings Bryan

Ratified February 1899

Impact on Foreign Relations

US a world power!

US prestige rose

A “splendid little war” – John Hay

Path to imperialism

Eased post-Civil War tensions

5

Philippines

Anti-Imperialists

Addams, Twain

Carnegie - $20 million

Gompers – flood the workforce

War in the Philippines

1899 – 1901

insurrection – Aguinaldo

more brutal fighting than in Cuba

Americanization

schools

roads, sanitation, health

trade (sugar)

resentment of US

July 4, 1946 - independence

Citizenship?

territories – freedom of religion

citizenship?

Insular Cases – 1901

Constitution did NOT apply to territories

Cuba

US helped rebuild Cuba

military gov’t

Dr. Walter Reed – medical advances

1902 – US pulled out of Cuba

1901 Platt Amendment

TR Policy

“civilized powers… policing of the world”

US responsible to help maintain balance of power

6

Open Door Policy

Spheres of Influence (China)

Open Door Note – 1899

John Hay

Boxer Rebellion

1900

Boxers killed foreigners

rebellion stopped

China – paid $333 million

Japan

Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)

China, Japan

Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)

TR – negotiated peace

Nobel Peace Prize

Japan – dominant power in Asia

Japanese in California

fear similar to that with Chinese

special schools (San Francisco)

TR met with Board of Ed.

“Gentlemen’s Agreement” – 1907

Root–Takahira Agreement

1908

US and Japan to respect each other’s Pacific territory

Open Door in China

Panama Canal

7

Panama

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty – 1901

Britain gave up canal rights

Colombia

refused to allow treaty

Panama Revolution – 1903

Completion of the Canal

Nations threatened?

Problems with construction

excavation

labor

disease

Finish in 1914 - $400 million

Roosevelt Corollary

expanded Monroe Doctrine

1904 – US - “policeman” of the region

Financial problems

Domestic disorder

“Big Stick”

“Speak softly and carry a big stick”

TR – foreign policy

navy

battleship development

1907 – 3rd in world

need for canal

Great White Fleet

1907 – 16 battleships

8

Wilson’s Foreign Policy

opposed imperialism

Jones Act – 1916 (Philippines)

Haiti, Dominican Republic

had to send troops

Problems in Mexico

Mexican Revolution – 1913

new president murdered by Huerta

Mexicans moved into US

US threatened

“Jingoism”

US Involvement

US opposed Huerta

Carranza and Pancho Villa

US sailors arrested in Tampico

Navy sent to seize Vera Cruz

1914 – Huerta replaced by Carranza

Pancho Villa kills Americans

Gen. John Pershing sent to Mexico

failed to capture Pancho Villa

WW I

U.S. and World War I

9

Tensions in Europe

Militarism, Imperialism, Nationalism, Alliances

rivalries

Balkans

Africa – Algeciras Conference

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente

France, Britain, Russia

Pre-War Alliances

World War I

June 28, 1914 – Archduke Ferdinand murdered by Gavrilo Princip

Ferdinand and Sophie Princip

Chain Reaction

Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia

July 28

Russia, France mobilized

Germany invaded France

Britain aids France, Belgium

Central Powers

Germany, Austria, Turkey, Bulgaria

Allied Powers

France, Britain, Russia, Japan, Italy, US

“The Great War”

“The Great War”

New Weapons

machine gun, grenades, poison gas, tanks, airplanes, submarines, long-range artillery

trench warfare

stalemate

10

US NeutralityWilson declared neutrality

Allies close ties, stories of German atrocities

Central Powers 11 million had blood ties

Most Americans were anti-German Kaiser Wilhelm

Opposition to War

many groups formed

leaders La Follette, Debs, A. Philip Randolph,

Carnegie, Ford

Ford – “peace ship”

US aids the Allies

trade and loans

provided weapons, loans to Allies

Germany protested

blockade

Unrestricted Sub Warfare

U-boats

1915 – sank 90 ships in war zone

May 7, 1915 – Lusitania

Germany promised to give warning

March 1916 – Sussex

Sussex Pledge

Election of 1916

11

Republicans

Charles Evans Hughes

S. Court justice

no solid position on war

Democrats

Wilson

“He kept us out of war”

electing Hughes would mean WAR

Election Results

Hughes won eastern states

Wilson ready to concede

Wilson won in the West

277 to 254 in Electoral College

Tensions rise

Jan. 31, 1917 – Germany resumed unrestricted sub warfare

Wilson broke diplomatic ties

US moves closer to war

Zimmerman Note

March 1917

3 US ships attacked

April 6, 1917 – US declared war

US troops – “Over There”

Doughboys

Selective Service Act – May 1917

millions registered

12

over 4 million in uniform

11,000 women

400,000 blacks – segregated units• Harlem Hellfighters – 369th

Fighting in France

Bolshevik Revolution – 1917

US troops reach France

AEF

Gen. John Pershing

“convoy” system

Defeating Germany

May 1918 – Germany poised to take over France

Chateau-Thierry

2nd Battle of the Marne

St. Mihiel

John Pershing – 85 mile front

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

Sept-Nov. 1918

major Allied offensive

Corp. Alvin York

German war effort exhausted

Germany Surrenders

Oct. 1918 – sought peace

based on 14 Points

Nov. 11, 1918 – armistice signed

13

American Heroes

York

Eddie Rickenbacker

downed 26 enemy planes

Mobilizing for War

War Industries Board

Bernard Baruch

National War Labor Board

8-hr day

equal pay for women

“no-strike” pledge

Wartime Economy

Food Administration Herbert Hoover

farm production increased 25%

Fuel Administration daylight savings

Treasury Dept. – War Bonds $21 billion

Costs of War

$33 billion

Revenue income taxes

corporate taxes

Liberty Bonds

Public Opinion

Committee on Public Information

George Creel

4-minute men

Propaganda

anti-German movies

Enforcing Loyalty

German Americans – 8 million

German “things” prohibited

Espionage Act – 1917

Sedition Act – 1918

Schenck v. United States - 1919

14

Wartime Workforce

Blacks

Great Migration – blacks to North

• over 400,000

• racial violence

Mexican Americans

farm labor and industry

Women – factories

millions

Women’s Bureau created

Women’s Suffrage

Carrie Chapman Catt

NAWSA – 1915

fed. amendment

Alice Paul

state-by-state – too slow

National Woman’s Party – militant

Nineteenth Amendment

Wilson – “war measure”

June 1919 – passed by Congress

August 18, 1920

November 2, 1920 women first voted

Fourteen Points

Jan. 1918 speech

moral proposals

creation of a “League of Nations”

Peace Negotiations

Wilson – viewed a hero

weak bargaining position

Republican majority in Congress

angered Republicans

traveled to Paris

only took Democrats

15

Talks Continue

The Big Four

need for quick action

Wilson’s problems

“irreconcilables”

Allies had more bargaining power

Treaty of Versailles

colonies divided

League of Nations

Wilson had to give in

Germans felt betrayed

Wilson and the Senate

opposition to treaty

Henry Cabot Lodge

Wilson’s national tour

Sept. 1919

stroke left him partially paralyzed

Senate Decision

opposed Article X

amended treaty rejected twice

Nov. 1919

March 1920

Treaty NEVER signed by US

Postwar Consequences

League of Nations not successful

U.S. turned back on world?