Chapter 2Chapter 2

The Challenge to Spain and the Settlement of North America

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Protestant Reformation and the Protestant Reformation and the Challenge to SpainChallenge to Spain Calvinist ideas posed challenge to Catholicism

Anglican Church

French Huguenot movement, Dutch Reformed Church, and Presbyterian Church of Scotland all embraced Calvinist principles Gave rise to Puritanism in England Predestination

France, the Netherlands, and England—all powerful Protestant countries—challenged Spanish power in Europe and abroad

Early French ExplorersEarly French Explorers

Giovanni da Verrazano explored Atlantic coast from Carolinas to Nova Scotia in 1534 Huguenots

Jacques Cartier explored St. Lawrence Valley between 1534 and 1543

Samuel de Champlain led eleven voyages to Canada by 1645 Established colony at Acadia (Nova Scotia) Founded Quebec in 1608 Sought friendly relations with Native Americans Efforts were made to restrain fur trade in the colony’s

population Coureurs de Bois Population 3,000 by 1750

Early French ExplorersEarly French Explorers (cont)(cont)

Catholicism only acceptable religion in 1625 Important role of Jesuit Missionaries

Totally opposed to presence of Protestants in colony Believed the Indians could retain their traditions while

still accepting Catholicism Concentrated attention on five confederated Huron

nations Mastered Indian languages and cultures Only Europeans who measured up to Indian standards of

bravery Lost ground after 1640s and especially after the crown

assumed control of New France after 1663

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New France and the Jesuit Missions

New France Under Louis XIVNew France Under Louis XIV

Louis tried to transform colony into model absolutist society Governor general Professional soldiers to provide defense Seigneurs

Frenchmen also settled in the Caribbean Founded sugar colonies on Saint-Domingue,

Guadeloupe, and Martinique boucanier

Dutch and Swedish SettlementsDutch and Swedish Settlements

Became leaders in spread of personal liberties and religious toleration

Political power was decentralized States General

Local leaders favored free trade and resisted monarchical control

Dutch East India Company chartered in 1602 Replaced Portuguese in Spice Islands Henry Hudson

Dutch and Swedish SettlementsDutch and Swedish Settlements ((cont)

Dutch West India Company chartered in 1621 Controlled African slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean,

and North America New Netherland established in 1624 on present-

day Manhattan Depended on goodwill of nearby Indians Traded furs from urban centers; did not venture inland Established large estates (“patroonships”) North America’s first experiment in ethnic and religious

toleration Population rose markedly after 1647

Swedish and English EncroachmentsSwedish and English Encroachments

New Netherland experiment in ethnic and religious pluralism

New Sweden founded in 1638 at present-day Wilmington near the mouth of the Delaware River Land claimed by New Netherland

Primarily Swedish and Lutheran in orientation Conflict with New Netherland Threatened by English expansion from Virginia

and New England Yankees

Role of English Reformation Rise of Puritans and Separatists and their role in

overseas expansion Example of Ireland

English formed their preconceptions about American Indians largely from contact with the Irish

Sir Humphrey Gilbert makes efforts to subdue the Irish in the 1560s

Used as springboard for colonizing America Claimed Newfoundland in 1583

Colonization efforts of Sir Walter Raleigh Roanoke Island founded in 1585

No sign of colony left in 1590

Challenge from Elizabethan EnglandChallenge from Elizabethan England

Chesapeake and West Indian Chesapeake and West Indian ColoniesColonies

London Company launched expedition in 1607 Settled on James River and founded Jamestown

Jamestown settlement Colonists focused on survival Settlers survived only because of Indians

John Smith Pocahontas

Colony almost abandoned in 1610 Role of tobacco in colony’s early survival Selected its own assembly, the House of Burgesses Conflict with Indians decimated colony in 1622

Crown assumed control of the colony in 1624, making Virginia a royal colony

Headright system

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Virginia Company Charter, 1606

Chesapeake Chesapeake (cont’d)(cont’d)

Colony thrived between 1622 and the 1640s Indentured servants

Indian wars almost continuous until 1632 Tobacco exports financed purchase of indentured

servants Social mobility allowed former servants to

purchase land until tobacco prices fell in 1660 Oligarchy Thereafter, richest 15 percent of population dominated

society

MarylandMaryland

Established in 1632 as haven for persecuted English and Irish Catholics

Proprietary colony, as were most new colonies after 1630

Most settlers ended up being Protestant Toleration Act of 1649 granted freedom of religion

to all Christians Bicameral legislature established Agricultural products included tobacco, corn, and

livestock No established church or vestries until 1690s

Chesapeake Family LifeChesapeake Family Life

Population became self-sustaining around 1680 Life expectancy lower than in England Marriage practices differed from England Importance of extended family connections Weak patriarchal ties

West Indies and the Transition to West Indies and the Transition to SlaverySlavery Slave labor used by Barbados sugar

plantations in the 1650s By 1700, slaves outnumbered Europeans there Conditions for slaves were terrible Sugar islands profitable into the 18th century

First Africans arrived in Virginia before 1619 Initially were probably indentured servants Slave system firmly established in the

Chesapeake after 1680 Established racial caste system throughout

the colonies

New England ColoniesNew England Colonies

Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620 Initially intended to settle in Virginia Blown off course and ended up well north of

Virginia’s boundaries Mayflower Compact bound settlers to accept

will of the majority Received extensive help from local

Wampanoag Indians Sachem

New England ColoniesNew England Colonies (cont) Puritans secured charter in 1629

Established colony for the Massachusetts Bay Company Settlers arrived in waves, created numerous towns

About 13,000 settlers arrived in New England by 1641 Colony prospered economically, but eroded religiously

Anne Hutchinson Non-Separatists

Colony developed own institutions Open Field agriculture Chamber of Deputies Body of Liberties (1641)

Puritan religious life Infant baptism Half-Way covenant

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New England in the 1640s

The First Restoration ColoniesThe First Restoration Colonies English Civil Wars

Charles I Oliver Cromwell “Restoration” government

Carolina founded in 1663 Former servants from Maryland and Virginia founded

North Carolina Former servants from Barbados established South

Carolina Proprietors drafted Fundamental Constitutions in 1669

Sought to establish ideal Aristocratic society Rejected repeatedly by colonists from 1670 to 1700

Colonists established far more diversified economy than proprietors anticipated

The two Carolinas became separate colonies in the early 18th century

First Restoration ColoniesFirst Restoration Colonies (cont’d) South Carolina became leader in rice production

– Triggered massive growth of slavery

New York established in 1664 Took over land claimed by New Netherland

Conflict between English and Dutch settlers Initially, little provision for self-government

Brotherly Love: The Quakers and Brotherly Love: The Quakers and AmericaAmerica Quakers had experienced persecution from other

Christians in England Opposed slavery, disdained formal religious trappings Supported full equality of the sexes Public friends

Settled in Delaware valley between 1675 and 1690

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West New JerseyWest New Jersey

New Jersey became separate proprietary colony in 1665 Offered greater self-government than New York, which

made it more attractive to English settlers West New Jersey Concession and Agreements

Continued demands for self-government resulted in convening of legislatures in 1683

Adopted a Charter of Liberties

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

William Penn received charter from Charles II for new colony of Pennsylvania Maintained friendly relations with Indian neighbors First Frame of Government (1682) laid out initial

government Revised in Second Frame, or Pennsylvania Charter of

Liberties, in 1683 Became a haven for all religions Colony quickly became an economic success

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions Compare and contrast the exploration of North

America by Britain and France. Which nation was more successful? How did their dealings with Natives differ?

Compare and contrast the roles of religion and economics in the early history of the New England colonies.

What role did the political struggles of Britain play in the formation of the early colonies?

Compare the development, successes, and failures of the Massachusetts Bay and Pennsylvania colonies.