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Disorders
Psychologist view disorders as something that is biologically influenced, unconsciously motivated, and difficult to change
Freud believed that generalized anxiety disorder was a “free floating” disorder.
In other words, it’s not associated with a particular object, it can attack at any time
Depression
Most common disorder, sometimes considered the “common cold” of disorders
Most prevalent among womenAssociated with low levels of serotoninOften triggered by a stressful event
TherapyPsychotherapy• an emotionally charged, confiding
interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
Eclectic Approach• an approach to psychotherapy that,
depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
Have a little bit of everything
Therapy- PsychoanalysisResistance• blocking from consciousness of anxiety-
laden material
This can be a problem with some dissociative personality disorders, like dissociate fugue or dissociate identity disorder.
Therapy approaches to breaking through resistance
HypnosisInterpretation • the analyst’s noting supposed dream
meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight
Transference• the patient’s transfer to the analyst of
emotions linked with other relationships-e.g. love or hatred for a parent
Humanistic Therapy
Client-Centered Therapy (Client-Based therapy)• humanistic therapy developed by Carl
Rogers• therapist uses techniques such as active
listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth
Behavior TherapyBehavior Therapy• therapy that applies learning principles
to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
Counterconditioning• procedure that conditions new
responses to stimuli that trigger behaviors
• based on classical conditioning• includes systematic desensitization and
aversive conditioning
Systematic Desensitization• type of counterconditioning • associates a pleasant, relaxed state with
gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
• commonly used to treat phobias
Exposure therapy (flooding)-Similar to systematic desensitization in
that the psychologist teaches the patient how to get into a calm and relaxed state.
OPPOSITE from systematic desensitization though in that the patient is not slowly introduced to their fear, but directly introduced to it in it’s fullest extent.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfI_lVlmmg0&feature=relmfu
Virtual reality exposure therapy-Exposure therapy that is conducted
from the safety of a computerized atmosphere.
Aversive Conditioning• type of counterconditioning that
associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
• nausea ---> alcoholUCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
CS(alcohol)
CS(alcohol)
CR(nausea)
Aversion therapy video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lc8rtjxG-eI
Behavior TherapyToken Economy• an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior• patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats
Cognitive TherapyCognitive Therapy • teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting• based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Cognitive Therapy
A cognitive perspective on psychological disorders
Lost job
Depression
Internal beliefs:I’m worthless. It’s hopeless.
Lost job
Internal beliefs:My boss is a jerk.I deserve something better.
Nodepression
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive therapy for depression
Waiting listpatients
Cognitivetraining patients
Cognitive trainingpatients muchless depressed
Pre-therapytest
Post-therapytest
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Depressionscores
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy• a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Group TherapiesFamily Therapy• treats the family as a system• views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as
influenced by or directed at other family members
• attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication
Does Therapy Work?Meta-analysis• procedure for statistically combining the
results of many different research studies
Poor outcome Good outcome
Averageuntreated
person
Averagepsychotherapy
client
Number ofpersons
80% of untreated people have pooreroutcomes than average treated person
Biomedical TherapiesPsychopharmacology• study of the effects of drugs on mind
and behavior
Benzodiazepine• Anti-anxiety medication used for
many disorders, including GAD and schizophrenia
Lithium• chemical that provides an effective drug
therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders
Biomedical Therapies
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)• therapy for severely depressed patients
in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
Psychosurgery• surgery that removes or destroys brain
tissue in an effort to change behavior• lobotomy
now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients