Chapter 17

Warm Up Ch 16: Protestant Reformation1. In 1555, by the Peace of Augsburg, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

allowed German princes to chooseA. Catholicism or CalvanismB. Catholicism or LutheranismC. Calvanism or LutheranismD. Islam or Chrisitanity

2. Women, especially widows, were often accused of being witches because it was believed thatA. All women were evilB. Witches usually killed their husbandsC. Women who lived without male authority were susceptible to evilD. Men were incapable of evil

3. What 2 things was Martin Luther most upset about the Catholic faith? 4. What happened at the council of Trent? 5. Explain why sun centered theory was so controversial? 6. Who came at the forefront of the Catholic Reformation?7. Religion of Deism was started by whom?

• I. Columbian Exchange– A. Demographic Changes– The Columbian Exchange = global transfer that

happened when large-scale contact between European and American societies led to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease

– People from the Americas are not immune to the diseases from the Old World

– Diseases: Cholera, influenza, malaria, measles, small pox

– Diseases clearly undermined the natives ability to resist settlements and accelerated cultural change

• Hail thou inspiring plant! Thou balm of life,Well might thy worth engage two nations' strife;Exhaustless fountain of Britannia's wealth;Thou friend of wisdom and thou source of health.

-from an early tobacco label • Tobacco, that outlandish weed

It spends the brain, and spoiles the seedeIt dulls the spirite, it dims the sightIt robs a woman of her right.

-Dr. William Vaughn, 1617• There is another secret herb . . . which they [the natives

of Brazil] most commonly bear about them, for that they esteem it marvellous profitable for many things. . . . The Christians that do now inhabit there are become very desirous of this herb. . . .

– B. Transfer of plants and animals– Plants such as potatoes and tomatoes were

introduced into Europe, while animals such as horses and pigs were introduced into the Americas

– Colony = a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct gov’t control• Played a role in the theory of mercantilism

– Mercantilism is an economic theory that the prosperity of a nation depends on a large supply of gold and silver

Columbian Exchange

• Positives:• Rapid growth in world population• New World benefited from animals to

make crops• Transfer of goods helped facilitate trade

• Negatives:• Diseases• New livestock destroyed crops• Mines and labor was exploited

– A nation’s strength depended on its wealth,– Mercantilists believed that there was a fixed

amount of wealth in the world – had to take wealth and power away from other nations

– Could build wealth in two ways:• Extract gold and silver from mines• Have a favorable balance of trade

– Balance of trade = the difference in value between what a nation imports and exports Favorable = export more than import

Warm Up1. Columbian Exchange:2. What diseases came to the New World?3. Positives of the Columbian exchange:4. Negatives of the Columbian exchange: 5. Explain the idea of mercantilism:6. How does this idea affect the colonies?

• II. Spanish America and Brazil– A. State and Church– Council of the Indies--the most important

administrative organ of the Spanish Empire, both in the Americas and in Asia, combining legislative, executive and judicial functions. The Crown of Castile incorporated the new territories into its domains when Queen Isabella withdrew the authority granted Columbus and the first conquistadors, and established direct royal control.

– Viceroy of New Spain and Peru had extreme amounts of power because communication to Europe was long and difficult

– Viceroy—royal official who runs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch

– Catholic church transferred English language, culture, and Christian beliefs

– Clergy also protected some of the natives from labor abuse

– Catholic church was upset about the ignorance of the native people they set up schools and universities to educate

– Bartolome de las Casas—a former settler turned priest worked to improve labor status in Spanish colonies

Bartolome

– B. Colonial Economies– Latin America was dominated by silver mines

in Peru and sugar plantations in Brazil– Encomienda—forced labor system by Spanish

settlers– Encomienda—the crown gives a viceroy a

number of people, the viceroy has to teach Spanish and the Catholic faith to the natives, Viceroy can take a tribute of gold or % of their farmland or have the natives work

– Mexico was a free wage labor system– Peru was a mita system– mita draft-labor system in Peru because European diseases wiped out the indigenous labor

pool and because the mines were concentrated in an extremely remote region; without the forced-labor mita "many mines would not have shown any profit, even after the crown cut silver taxes and mercury prices in the 18th century, and the treasury would have lost revenue"

– When one family member died, which would usually happen within a year or two, the family would be required to send a replacement.

– Portuguese set up slave trade in Brazil because African slaves (more expensive) were immune to Old world disease

– Brazil’s sugar plantation was run by African slaves– Slaves were more expensive but were immune to the old

world disease– Large export of colonial goods, small import of European

goods– http://www.machupicchu-inca.com/inca-mita.html

Mita System

Sugar Plantations

Warm Up

1. What is the Spanish Inquisition: 2. What 2 groups does it target:3. Who became the head of the Church of England?4. Act of Supremacy:5. Impact of the English Civil War:6. What does the Bill of Rights state?7. What is the purpose of the palace of Versailles?8. Explain the Spanish Armada and how was England

able to defeat them:9. How did European crowns control the colonies?

• http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VqQAf74fsE

– C. Society in Colonial Latin America– Pure Spanish were the elite– Creoles are American born Spanish descendants – Creoles controlled the agriculture and mining– Some free blacks helped with Spanish conquest; free

blacks had a low legal status in the colonies– Mestizos are mixed European and Amerindian

descent– the term originally applied to the children resulting

from the union of one European and one Amerindian– Mulattos are European and African descent– African and Amerindian descents are called castas or

Zambo– The racially-based caste system was in force

throughout the Spanish colonies in the Americas

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Sambo_1770.jpg

African ——— Spaniard ——— Spaniard ——— Amerindian ——— African↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

Mulatto Criollo Mestizo Zambo

• III. English and French Colonies in North America– A. Early English Experiments– Failure in Roanoke lsland: – 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh and 108 men attempt to

settle off the coast of modern day NC– Poor leadership, undersupplied, and threat of

American Indians lead to the failure of this colony– Expedition leader White sailed back to England for

additional supplies– When he returned, White found no trace of the

settlers; the entire colony of 117 men, women and children had vanished.

• Many theories exist about the settlers' fate on Roanoke Island, but none has been fully substantiated. One view is that the colonists sought refuge with neighboring Native Americans and were absorbed through intermarriage. Others have argued that the settlers were wiped out by an attack from Native Americans or by an unusually violent storm. Recent scientific studies involving tree ring growth analysis indicate the existence of a severe drought at that time

• "It is the goodliest soil under the cope of heaven; the most pleasing territory in the world; the continent is of a huge and unknown greatness, and very well peopled and towned, though savagely. The climate is so wholesome that we have none sick. If Virginia had but horses and were inhabited by English, no realm in Christendom were comparable with it."

Raleigh

• http://www.history.com/videos/mystery-roanoke#mystery-roanoke

• Failure of Newfoundland• Sir Humphrey Gilbert

attempted to establish a colony at Newfoundland for the Queen Elizabeth of England

• Within weeks his fleet departed, having made no attempt to form a settlement, due to lack of supplies.

• B. The South– Jamestown and Tobacco– Virginia Company of London decides to take 144

settlers to Jamestown; establishment of tobacco plantations

– Virginia Company—AKA London Company established Jamestown (James I made the charter) in 1607 naming John Smith their leader

– This town was established because there were no presence of Indians and it was close to the coast

– In the first 15 years 80% of the people die from disease (swampy, mosquitoes)

– Rolfe introduces tobacco which saves the colony

– 1624 Virginia Company dissolves because of mismanagement!! OHHH NO

– The settlers were able to move inland and farm better land

– Tobacco business attracted immigrants to the new settlement

– North American settlements could not compete with Latin American forced labor

– They implemented indentured servanthood

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpA5O46Ioyk

John Smith

Warm Up1. Explain EACH social classes of Latin America:2. Jamestown was settled by what company?3. 2 reasons why settlers stayed in Jamestown:4. Who became the leader in Jamestown?5. What one crop helped Jamestown succeed?6. Explain the idea of indentured servants and

why was it successful?

– Indentured servants—young men and women who cannot afford to pay their way to the new world worked for a term of 4 to 7 years in return for passage and a small tract of land at the end of their service

– Made up 80% of work in Virginia– 1500 servants a year!! And were cheaper than African

slaves who suffered high mortality rates– Were a staple of plantation area– House of Burgesses—representatives from towns to

the council of Virginia– After the Revolutionary War it became the General

Assembly of Virginia

• C. New England• Pilgrims—completely wished to break from the

Church of England• 1620, 100 Pilgrims leave for the New World

colony of Plymouth

• Pilgrims fled to Holland and the Netherlands for religious freedom

• They find that in a foreign country they could not have good jobs

• The Scrooby Congregation are the group of pilgrims that immigrate to the New World

– Puritans did not wish to leave the church of England just purify it

– Abolish hierarchy, and gov interference– Massachusetts Bay Company establish themselves in

Mass in 1630 by the Puritans– By 1643 20,000 Puritans are in Mass– More worried about settlement than economy

therefore more families moved and less servant hood– Fur, timber, and fish became exports not crops

• Puritans did not come to New England to practice religious freedom in the sense of liberty of conscience. Rather, they typically were convinced that theirs was the only true religion, and they held little regard for the beliefs of others, notably Quakers. Roger Williams was a notable exception to this rule, being a firm believer in religious tolerance. For holding this opinion, Williams and his followers were sent to live in exile, where they established Providence, Rhode Island.

– D. Middle Atlantic– Manhattan Island was colonized by the Dutch– Dutch West India Company establish New

Netherlands with their capital Manhattan Island– 1664 England forces the Dutch to surrender the

colony and James II of England renames it New York– New Netherlands was established by the Dutch

this includes New York, Connecticut, Delaware, and New Jersey

– Dutch West India Company—1621 the company was given a charter in the West Indies

– Charter gave jurisdiction over African slave trade– Purpose of the charter was to eliminate competition– Dutch also settled in the Caribbean Islands—

Suriname and Guyana– Most successful venture for the Dutch West India

Company was the seizure of the Spanish silver fleet– Privateering was the most profitable activity during

this time period– Privateer—private warship authorized by country’s

government to attack foreign shipping

• Pennsylvania was colonized by the Quakers

• Quakers were persecuted for their religious beliefs

• 1682 William Penn was given land by Charles II

• Charles II owed debt to Penn’s father

• debt of £16,000 (around £2,100,000 in 2008

• Impact: By 1700 Philadelphia became largest city in the British colonies

• E. French America– French were concerned with missionary activity and

trade of furs and timber unlike the Spanish and Portuguese

– Beaver fur was most coveted– Furs would exchange with firearms, metal tools,

utensils, textiles, and alcohol– Firearms and overhunting caused conflicts over

hunting grounds– Jacques Cartier looked for mineral goods to bring

back (quartz and pyrite)– Samuel de Champlain founded New France in

Quebec in 1608– French would live among natives and learn language

and customs to trade

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/HBC-coa.JPG

• Hudson Bay Company specialized in fur trading• The average income of a Chief Trader was £360

Champlain

• French trade was profitable however, proliferation of firearms made Indians more deadly

• Desire of furs made the Indians rely on European goods bc of depletion of beavers and deers

• Pg. 492 Map

– French and Indian War– England and France fought for colonial land– Peace agreement forced France to yield

Canada to the English and give Louisiana to Spain

• IV. Colonial Expansion and Conflict– A. Imperial Reform in Spanish America and

Brazil– Influence of Jesuits power threatened power

of Spanish and Portuguese monarchies– Jesuits continue to get a foothold in the

colonies and Spain and Portugal feel threatened therefore they expel them from the colonies

– Between 1759 and 1761 Portugal arrests all the Jesuits in its territories and ships them to the papal states. In 1761-3 the Jesuit colleges in France are closed. In 1767 Jesuits are expelled from Spain and its colonies.

– Brazil’s economic expansion due to African slaves

– Nearly 2 million African slaves are coming to Brazil

– Brazil goods—gold, diamonds, coffee, cotton– B. Reforms and Reorganization in British

America– British crown wanted more control of the

colonies and set up the Navigation Acts– Colonies resist by overthrowing the governors

of New York and Massachusetts

• Navigation Acts of England• ships' crews had to be three-quarters English, and

"enumerated" products not produced by the mother country, such as tobacco, cotton, and sugar were to be shipped from the colonies only to England or other English colonies.

• The Navigation Act 1663 (also called the Act for the Encouragement of Trade) required all European goods bound for America (or other colonies) to be shipped through England or Wales first. In England, the goods would be unloaded, inspected, paid duties, and reloaded. The trade had to be carried in English bottoms (i.e. vessels), which included those of its colonies. Furthermore, imports of 'enumerated commodities' (such as sugar, rice, and tobacco) had to be landed and pay tax before going on to other countries. This increased the cost to the colonies, and increased the shipping time.