World Geography Chapter 17 PPT Geography Chapter 17 PPT

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1 The Land

Section 2 Climate and Vegetation

Chapter Summary & Study Guide

Chapter Assessment

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• Describe the major landforms and natural resources of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia.

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Chapter Objectives

• Discuss the climate and vegetation of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia.

As you read this chapter, list ways the physical geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia shapes the lives of people in the region. Include examples you discover in media sources.

The Land

• Identify which land and water features dominate the region.

Objectives


• Discuss how the region’s major rivers are important to its people.

• Explain why much of the world is economically dependent on the region.


• alluvial soil

The Land

• wadi • kum • phosphate

Terms to Know


• Nile River • Tigris River • Euphrates

River • Atlas

Mountains • Caucasus

Mountains

• Red Sea

The Land

• Arabian Peninsula • Persian Gulf • Sinai Peninsula • Anatolia • Dead Sea • Caspian Sea • Aral Sea

Places to Locate

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The Nile River, flowing through northeastern Africa to the Mediterranean Sea, keeps Egypt from being entirely desert. For centuries, the Nile flooded its banks every summer, covering nearby fields with fertile soil. Dams, especially the Aswan High Dam, now control Nile flooding, drastically reducing sediment deposits and fertility.

Seas and Peninsulas• North Africa, Southwest Asia, and

Central Asia feature numerous seas and peninsulas.

(pages 421–422)Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• These include the Mediterranean, Red, and Black Seas as well as the Arabian and Sinai Peninsulas.

• The Dead Sea, the Caspian Sea, and the Aral Sea are actually landlocked bodies of salt water.

Seas and Peninsulas (cont.)

• The Aral Sea, which began to dry up when the Soviet Union diverted river source waters for irrigation, seems to be coming back.

(pages 421–422)

What might people have done to revive the Aral Sea?

Possible answers: They may have diverted water into it, or they might have restricted the use of its water for irrigation.

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Seas and Peninsulas (cont.)

(pages 421–422)


Rivers• Major Rivers: Cradles of Civilization

(pages 422–424)

- The Nile River Valley provides water and a lush, fertile living space for about 90 percent of Egypt’s population.

- The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers help irrigate farms throughout Syria, Turkey, and Iraq.

• Streambeds Runoff from infrequent, violent rainstorms creates temporary streams in arid North Africa and Southwest Asia.


Rivers (cont.)

(pages 422–424)

Why are streams from rainstorms only temporary?

Possible answers: Water from the storms stays on the surface and soon evaporates in the sun. Storms are too infrequent to create permanent streams. The sun dries up the water faster than it falls.


Rivers (cont.)

(pages 422–424)

Plains, Plateaus, and Mountains• Coastal Plains Although most of the

region is made up of deserts and mountains, the coastal plains along the Mediterranean provide the agricultural base of the region.

(pages 424–425)

• Highlands


(pages 424–425)

Plains, Plateaus, and Mountains(cont.)

- Enough precipitation falls on the Atlas Mountains of North Africa to make them hospitable to settlement and farming.

- The Asir Mountains of the Arabian Peninsula are also agriculturally productive.

- The Caucasus Mountains between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea are known for their grandeur and beauty.

- Desert covers much of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.


(pages 424–425)


Which of the above areas do you think are most heavily populated? Why do you think so?

The coastal plains of the Mediterranean and the mountain areas that support farming are probably heavily populated. Much of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are likely to be sparsely populated.


(pages 424–425)


EarthquakesThe shifting tectonic plates of the region have built mountains, shifted landmasses, and caused earthquakes. A 1999 earthquake in Turkey measured 7.4 on the Richter scale, toppling more than 76,000 buildings and killing nearly 20,000 people.

(page 425)


(page 425)

Earthquakes (cont.)

What might be done to reduce the damage from earthquakes in heavily populated areas?

Possible answers: Adopt stricter building codes, and retrofit existing structures to make them more earthquake-resistant. We could also develop new technologies for building in earthquake-prone areas, and continue research efforts to help predict earthquakes.


Earthquakes (cont.)

(page 425)

Natural Resources• Oil and Natural Gas About 70 percent

of the world’s oil reserves and 33 percent of the world’s natural gas reserves are found in the region.

(page 426)


• Minerals Turkmenistan has the world’s largest deposits of sulfate. Morocco ranks third in the production of phosphate.

(page 426)

• The region may contain up to 10 percent of the world’s iron ore reserves.

Natural Resources (cont.)

• Building Diverse Economies Many countries in the region are diversifying their economies so that they are not so dependent on their oil and mineral exports.


(page 426)


What do these facts suggest about the region’s economy?

The abundance of oil and natural gas suggests that the region does not need to import these energy sources. The region is self-sufficient, and it can export its natural resources in trade for finished products that it does not possess. The region has the potential for future development.


(page 426)

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. in the desert, a streambed that is dry except during a heavy rain

__ 2. deposit of rich soil made up of sand and mud deposited by running water

__ 3. natural mineral containing chemical compounds often used in fertilizers

__ 4. term for deserts in Central Asia

A. alluvial soilB. wadiC. kumD. phosphate

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

A

D

C

B

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Critical ThinkingComparing and Contrasting How are the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea alike? How are they different?

The Caspian and Aral seas are alike because they are landlocked bodies of saltwater that have suffered from a decrease in the flows of feeder rivers. The are different because the Aral is smaller and has shrunk a great deal more than the Caspian Sea.



Critical ThinkingPredicting Consequences How might development of oil fields in the Caspian Sea affect the region of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia?

The development of oil fields may improve the economies of countries that share the Caspian, but it may also increase pollution in the area.


Critical ThinkingAnalyzing Information How has diversification affected the economiesof countries in the region?

Oil-producing countries, such as Libya and the UAE, are shifting to banking, tourism, and other areas to support their economies when the oil runs out.

Analyzing MapsPlace Study the physical-political map below. What physical feature dominates western Iran?


Analyzing MapsThe Zagros Mountains dominate western Iran.

Applying GeographyBenefits of Rivers Write a descriptive paragraph explaining how the major rivers of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia benefit people in the region.


Possible answer: Rivers of the region supply freshwater for drinking and irrigation and create fertile farmlands along their banks and through their valleys.

CloseSpeculate on the kinds of challenges that the region of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia faces.

Climate and Vegetation

• Explain how the climates of the region differ. Objectives


• Describe how the needs of a growing population have affected the natural vegetation of the region.


Terms to Know• oasis

Climate and Vegetation

• pastoralism • cereal


• Sahara Places to LocateClimate and Vegetation

• Rub’ al Khali • Garagum (Kara Kum)


Because the coastal city of Agadir in Morocco has 300 days of sunshine per year, its beaches are a popular tourist attraction, as are other Moroccan beaches along the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

Water: A Precious ResourceRainfall is plentiful in some parts of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, but in most places water is scarce.


(pages 427–430)

• Desert Climate Desert areas, such as North Africa’s Sahara, cover almost 50 percent of the region.

• In the deserts, summers are long and hot, winters are cold, the land is mostly flat, and precipitation averages about 10 inches (25 cm) per year.


Water: A Precious Resource (cont.)

• Steppe Climate Steppe is the second-largest climate region.

• Semi-arid conditions with light precipitation support short grasses that are grazed by livestock.

(pages 427–430)

What would it be like to live in the desert?


It would be a lifestyle with minimal technology. Food and water would be scarce, and travel might be hazardous, especially during sandstorms. Clothing would need to be suited to a hot climate.

Water: A Precious Resource (cont.)

(pages 427–430)


Climatic Variations• Exports and Tourists The

Mediterranean climate region features cool, rainy winters and hot, dry summers.

(pages 430–431)

• This fertile area exports citrus fruits, olives, and grapes to Europe and the United States.

• Tourism is an important industry.


Climatic Variations (cont.)

(pages 430–431)


• Rainfall Receiving plenty of rainfall, highlands areas support forests and grain crops without irrigation.


• A Sign of Things to Come? Climate changes have turned some grassy plains in the region into deserts.

(pages 430–431)



(pages 430–431)

Which climate would you prefer to live in? Why?


Possible answer: The Mediterranean or highlands regions would be better to live in because of the relatively moderate temperatures, adequate rainfall, and prevalent vegetation.


(pages 430–431)

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. any grain, such as barley, oats, or wheat, grown for food

__ 2. the raising of livestock __ 3. small area in a desert where

water and vegetation are found

A. oasisB. pastoralismC. cereal

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

BA

C


Critical ThinkingComparing and Contrasting Compare and contrast agriculture in steppe climate regions with that of Mediterranean climate regions.


In steppe climate regions, there are short grasses as pasture for livestock. In Mediterranean climate regions, there are cereals and food grains, fruits, olives, and grapes.


Critical ThinkingAnalyzing Cause and Effect Why has natural vegetation declined in areas of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia?

Climatic changes and human activity have turned grassy plains into desert.


Drawing Conclusions How did climate changes in the Sahara centuries ago affect its people?

Critical Thinking

Climate change led to the raising of brush-grazing sheep, goats, and camels instead of grass-hungry cattle. Climate change also led to the relocation toward the coast, rivers, and oases.

Analyzing MapsRegion Study the map of climate regions on the top right and the map of natural vegetation on the bottom right. What kind of natural vegetation thrives in Mediterranean climates?


Analyzing MapsChaparral vegetation thrives in Mediterranean climates.

Applying GeographyClimate and Population Write a paragraph explaining the possible effects of climate on settlement patterns in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia.


Possible answer: While oil has increased desert settlement, desert areas are still sparsely populated. Most people live where food, water, and fertile land are available, such as in Mediterranean climate areas.

CloseName a country in the region and have your classmates identify its climate region(s) and typical vegetation. Continue with other students naming countries until each country has been reviewed.

Section 1: The Land (pages 421–426)

• North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia are located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Key Points


• The region is a jigsaw puzzle of peninsulas and seas.

• Rivers feed the inland seas and supply irrigation to parched lands. Their alluvial soil deposits enrich the land, especially in the Nile River Valley and delta.

• The movement of tectonic plates forms mountains, moves landforms, and causes earthquakes in the region.

Section 1: The Land (pages 421–426)

• The region contains much of the world’s oil and natural gas reserves.

Key Points

• Rainfall in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia varies widely. Most of the region contains arid areas.


Key Points

• The four climate regions in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia are desert, steppe, Mediterranean, and highlands.

• Natural vegetation in the region varies widely and is closely related to rainfall and irrigation patterns.

Section 2: Climate and Vegetation(pages 427–431)


Reviewing Key TermsInsert the key term that best completes each of the following sentences.alluvial soil cereal kumoasis pastoralism

phosphatewadi

1. In the Sahara, a place where underground water surfaces is a(n) ___________________.

2. Runoff from infrequent rainstorms can create a ___________________, or a dry streambed.

3. ___________________, or the raising and grazing of livestock, is a way of life on the steppe.

4. Morocco produces ___________________, which is used in fertilizers .

oasis

wadiPastoralism

phosphate


Reviewing Key TermsInsert the key term that best completes each of the following sentences.alluvial soil cereal kumoasis pastoralism

phosphatewadi

5. Much of the region is covered by sandy deserts, or ___________________.

6. Barley is an example of a _________________ grain.

7. ___________________ is rich soil deposited by running water.

kumcereal

Alluvial soil


What physical features separate the Arabian Peninsula from the African continent?

Reviewing FactsSection 1: The Land

The Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden separate the Arabian Peninsula from the African continent.


What physical features separate Europe and Asia and connect the Aegean and Black Seas?


The Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, and the Bosporus separate Europe and Asia and connect the Aegean and Black Seas.


What desert covers most of Turkmenistan? What desert covers about half of Uzbekistan?


The Garagum covers most of Turkmenistan. The Qiziqum covers about half of Uzbekistan.


About how much of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia experience desert climate?

Reviewing FactsSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Almost 50 percent of these areas experience desert climate.


Describe the natural vegetation of steppe areas.


Natural vegetation of steppe areas includes short grasses, shrubs, and some trees.


In what part of the region does tropical vegetation flourish? What climate factors allow this kind of vegetation to grow in that area?


Vegetation flourishes along the Nile River. It is in the desert climate area, but the river gives enough water for farming and diverse vegetation.


Critical ThinkingDrawing Conclusions How do you think the region’s resources affect the global economy?

Countries producing petroleum and natural gas greatly influence the economies of countries around the world by controlling the supply and prices of these exports.


Critical ThinkingAnalyzing Information Compare the climate map on page 428 with the population density map on page 412 of your textbook. How does climate influence where people live in the region?

People live where food and water are available and there is a chance for livelihood, such as the arable lands in the Mediterranean climate region.


Locating PlacesMatch the letters on the map with the physical features of North America, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia.__1. Arabian Peninsula__2. Sahara__3. Atlas Mountains__4. Nile River__5. Aral Sea__6. Red Sea__7. Persian Gulf__8. Mediterranean Sea__9. Caspian Sea__10. Black Sea__11. Gulf of Aden__12. Tian Shan

AIECKDFJGHBL


Why do the farming techniques in some of the region’s coastal areas differ from those practiced in the Nile River valley?

Precipitation in coastal areas is adequate for farming. Irrigation is usually required along the Nile.

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Glencoe World Geography Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://geography.glencoe.com

Choose the best answer for the following multiple-choice questions. If you have trouble answering the questions, use the process of elimination to narrow your choices.

1. Part of Uzbekistan has a desert climate. What kind of vegetation can grow in a desert climate? A No vegetation at allB Drought-resistant shrubs and cactiC Drought-resistant shrubs, cacti, and occasional small-scale farm

crops in areas with underground waterD Short grasses for grazing


Test-Taking Tip Note that the directions ask you to choose the best answer to the question. The best answer will contain the most precise information for answering the question.

2. In part of the region of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, people earn their living by growing citrus fruits, olives, and grapes as well as from the tourist trade. This region probably has a(n)F highlands climate.G steppe climate.H Mediterranean climate.J desert climate.


Test-Taking Tip Think about the conditions needed to grow the specific crops. Desert climates are too dry, as are steppe climates. Highlands climates are wet but may be too cold. Eliminating wrong choices helps you choose the correct answer.

The highest temperature recorded on Earth occurred in the Sahara at Al-Aziziah, Libya, on September 13, 1922. It was 136°F (58°C)!

Comparing Deltas The Aswan High Dam and other dams in Egypt now reduce alluvial soil deposits from the Nile, but the free-flowing Mississippi River in the United States still carries more than 170 million tons of sediment annually to an ever-growing delta.

Geographers call the plant life that grows naturally in an area natural vegetation. Variations in vegetation can make areas of the same country look very different.

Reading a Vegetation Map

Learning the SkillClimate greatly affects natural vegetation. For example, thick layers of plants that make up tropical forest vegetation grow only in tropical rain forest climates. Likewise, areas with less than 10 inches (25 cm) of rain support only desert scrub vegetation.


Elevation also affects vegetation. Forests grow at the bases of mountains. At higher elevations, grasses, small trees, and shrubs grow. Where elevation makes it too cold for trees and shrubs, only mosses thrive.


On a vegetation map, colors indicate different vegetation types. The map key explains the color code. To read a vegetation map:

Learning the Skill


• Identify the area covered on the map. • Study the key to identify the vegetation types that the

map depicts. • Locate the regions covered by each vegetation type. • Draw conclusions about the similarities and differences

between the types of vegetation found in different areas of the map.


Practicing the SkillUse the map showing the vegetation of Central Asia from page 432 of your textbook to answer the following questions.1. What geographic area does this map show?

2. In which vegetation region is the capital of Kyrgyzstan located?

This map shows Central Asia.

Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, is located in a temperate grassland region.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display possible answers.


Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display possible answer.

Practicing the Skill

3. What kinds of vegetation are found along the coast of the Caspian Sea?Desert scrub, desert waste, and temperate grassland are found along the coast of the Caspian Sea.

Use the map showing the vegetation of Central Asia from page 432 of your textbook to answer the following questions.


Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display possible answers.

4. What factors would explain the distribution of vegetation throughout the region?

5. Of the areas shown on the vegetation map, where do you think irrigation is used for cultivating crops?

Practicing the Skill

The distribution of vegetation can be explained by the variety of climate: steppe, desert, and highlands.

Use the map showing the vegetation of Central Asia from page 432 of your textbook to answer the following questions.


Possible answer: Irrigation is used where the climate is driest and there is the least availability of water.

MapsNorth Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia:

Physical-PoliticalNorth Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia:Climate Regions

North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia:Natural Vegetation

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The Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, and the Bosporus give Turkey control of shipping into and out of the Black Sea.


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