Chapter 17 & 18

French Wars of Religion

Protestant Reformation in 16th Century Europe followed different paths. In France the ideas of John Calvin spread rapidly.

French Calvinists were called Huguenots.

Religious Conflict

Huguenots, or French Protestants, were numerous among nobility.– Threatened French Monarchs who were Catholic.– Catholics tried to prevent Huguenots from gaining

more power. Some were being burned at the stake.

Catholics and Protestants fight for the monarchy. Between 1560-1600 Nine Civil wars in France.

Henry IV

King of France who was determined to reunify the country.

2 part compromise– He rejected his Protestant faith and begged pope

for forgiveness– Edict of Nantes=guaranteed basic civil rights and

some religious freedoms for French Protestants. – Edict effectively brought the bitter religious

conflicts in France to an end. Religious tolerance

Henry IV

Succeeded by 9 year old son Louis XIII. Affairs managed by Cardinal Richelieu. – Opposed to any Huguenot participation in state

affairs. – Changed the Edict of Nantes– Organize power of the state in a single figure-the

Monarch.

Louis XIV

Louis XII died in 1643-5 yr old son as heir. Cardinal Mazarin held power as chief

minister. Louis XIV took over in 1661. He believed in

absolute monarchy. – All power comes from God and kings

are God’s representatives on Earth. Royal power is absolute but it must be just and reasonable.

Great Monarch

Policy peace at home, war abroad. – Supervised military recruiting, training, supplies &

promotion.– Greatly enlarged army, raising it 4 times its size.

Strengthened French Economy Unified state requires single state religion

– Cancelled Edict of NantesProtestants left France so they would not have to become

Catholics.

Grand Palace

– Constructed large new palace in Versailles. – Hundreds of rooms furnished with chandeliers,

mirrors and tapestries. – Formal parks, gardens and fountains– Symbols of absolute monarchy.– “Sun King”=source of all life and splendor.

Arts & Culture

Culture was important under his reign.

Baroque Style– Ornate decoration. Architecture, sculpture, and music.

NeoclassicalRevival of classical style and formClassical Greek & Roman subjects

France & the Rest of Europe

Power was of greatest significance. – Balance of Power=a system in which no single state is

strong enough to dominate all the others in region.

His legacy – Absolute monarchy ensured France unification and made it

one of Europe's’ leading powers. – French culture had strong influence throughout Europe.– Not as successful with economic and foreign policy.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWlqQb8GJoI

Section 1 Questions

What was the significance of the Edict of Nantes?

What did the Versailles palace symbolize?

Section 2

Thirty Years War

The Thirty Years War caused devastation in central Europe and brought the Holy Roman Empire to an end as a political force.

Thirty Years War

Germany & Civil War– In 1612, Ferdinand II came to the throne of Bohemia which

is today the Czech republic– Ferdinand allies himself with his cousin the Spanish

Hapsburg, he attempted to stamp Protestantism from the holy roman empire.

– This began the thirty years war in 1618 a long and bloody conflict that spread from Bohemia and Germany all across Europe.

Thirty Years War

THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA Negotiations for peace were renewed in 1640, but like the

war itself they drag on and on. It was not until 1648 that the parties could agree on terms

and stop the conflict. The Hapsburgs were forced to give up their dream of

restoring Roman Catholicism to central Europe. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 marked the end of the

Thirty Years’ War and secured the religious freedom of protestants.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zObXSVvliAs

Section 3

Main Idea: The policies of two kings of England, James I and Charles I, put these monarchs in opposition to Parliament.

Limited Monarchy in England

James I and Rule by Divine Right – Many of the members of

Parliament are Puritans. – Puritans believed that the Church

of England, or the Anglican Church, had resembled the Roman Catholic Church.

– James I remained anti-Puritan. – Around this time the Bible was

translated into English.

• Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth-He ruled England as a

republic called a commonwealth.

-He named himself the “Lord Protector” of England.

-He died in 1658.

Restoration, Revolution & Triumph of Parliament

Main Idea: The Glorious Revolution of 1688 limited the powers of the monarchy and resulted in the creation of the English Bill of Rights.

Charles II and the Restoration-He ruled from 1660-1685

-Charles had no children of his own

-In 1681 the Parliament tried again to prevent a Roman Catholic king from taking the throne.

The Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights

-James II had appointed many Roman Catholic officials.

-William of Orange was married to James’s daughter Mary.

-In 1689, William III and Mary officially took the throne.

Change in England

-William and Mary had to limit their powers as England’s rulers.

-Around that time Parliament approved the English Bill of Rights.

– Prime Minister would be chosen by the leading party of government and would be the real head of government.

-In 1694 Mary dies.

.

Chapter 18 Section 1

Scientific Revolution – Old View=Explained natural events by observing

them and using logic to reason about their causes.

– Accepted things as they seem.

New Scientific Method

Relied on observation, experimentation, and reason.

Francis Bacon urged scientists to experiment; gather facts first and then study and test them.

Rene Descartes believed in mathematical analysis. Everything except God and the human soul can be broken down into small simpler parts.

From the 2 philosophers come the Scientific Method, a way of carefully gathering and explaining information.

Make careful observations, then explain it with hypothesis. They then test the hypothesis to see if it explains their observations.

Isaac Newton

Brilliant mathematician First person to explain the laws of force and

motion. Invented Calculus Law of gravity

– Greatest discovery

Other Discoveries

Hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide were discovered.

True nature of fire Microscope Advances and Improvements in technology.

Chapter 18 Section 2

Enlightenment– Use the power of reason to solve all human

problems and improve people’s lives.

Natural Law – Problems of society could be solved through

reasoning. They wanted a just society and a good government and a sensible economy.

Enlightenment Thinkers

Thomas Hobbes– People were evil by nature & needed strong

government. – Believed people could escape chaos by entering

a social contract.

John Locke– Government was based on a cooperative

agreement of the people and government of their choice.

– More hopeful view of Human nature.

New views of the economy

Most rejected government interference in the economy, especially the practices of heavily taxing people and regulating trade.

Laissez Faire, the practice of letting business run without government intervention.

Free Market Economy=buying and selling of goods can be carried out without regulation or control of government.

Enlightenment & Society

Enlightenment Salons– Philiosphes “lovers of wisdom”

gathered in rooms in the private homes of the rich.

– Authors and artists mingling with wealthy patrons and supporters of culture.

– Believed in freedom and equality, but only for men. Women began to protest.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hodYUDDfsY

Questions

Why would a Scientist repeat experiment part of the Scientific method?

Which one of Newton’s discoveries help explain the motions of planet?

What kind of government did Thomas Hobbes believe was necessary?

Chapter 18 Section 3 American Revolution

American colonies– Great Britain established

powerful empire in the Americas.

– 13 colonies were settled along eastern coast of North America.

– Colonial life was different than life in Europe.

War with France– French & Indian War ended with British victory,

but faced 2 problems. Keeping order on the western edge of colonies & paying

off huge debt caused by war.

Growing Discontent

New laws & taxes passed that irritated colonists.

Discontent led to violence – Boston Tea Party

Used Propaganda to gather support for their cause.

War for Independence

Declaration of Independence– George Washington led

army as commander. – Document was drafted

in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson.

Life, liberty and pursuit of happiness.

American Revolution

American Revolution

People were divided about the revolution, both in America and Great Britain.

Turning point of war was in 1777, American forces defeated the British at Saratoga, New York and French joined the side of the Americans.

Guerilla Warfare-fighting through hit and run attacks

New Constitution

Articles of Confederation were not working. Created the Constitution of the United States

of America. – Federal republic, form of government in which

power is shared between the central government and the states.

– Delegates knew it would need to grow and change and outlined process by which amendments could be added.

Effects

American Revolution and new democratic society changed the way people thought about government.

In France, Spain, the German States and Latin America people were encouraged by the success of the new American Government.

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/27981-assignment-discovery-american-revolution-video.htm

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/27981-assignment-discovery-american-revolution-video.htm