The Protestant Reformation

Chapter 13

The Causes of the Reformation

Bell Ringers

What do you believe this to be a symbol

of?

What is the significance of this symbol?

Delivery of the Keys, Perugino

Peter becomes Christ’s Vicar

Power passed down from Peter to all

the following Popes.

Therefore, the Pope’s power comes

straight from Jesus Christ.

The development of a religious

monopoly.

The Bible

The Bible printed in Vulgar

Language

1480, St. Jerome

Wanted people to read and

understand the Bible for

themselves.

Becomes the official Bible of the

Catholic Church, but it can no

longer be read by laymen.

Causes a huge disconnection

from the average people

Disconnection of the Catholic Church

Many began to complain about the churches lack of spiritual guidance and their focus on monetary gains over spiritual

Relics

A revered part of a deceased holy person's body or belongings

Indulgences

Remission from God

Nepotism

People with power favoring their relatives

Simony

The selling of church offices

Pluralism

Holding more than one office within the Church

Absenteeism

Many officials were absent from their duties and obligations

Martin Luther

Bell Ringer

What is this a picture of?

What story is the Church telling with this

visual?

What is the point of conveying this

message?

St. Peter’s Basilica

It is bring constructed during the Renaissance

Pope did not have the money to afford

Johann Tetzel

Indulgences (God is ready to forgive for $)

“As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs.”

“You can violate the Mother of God and still be forgiven.” – John Tetzel

Martin Luther

Lived a simple life dedicated to the church

October 31, 1517… put up his Ninety-Five Theses

Some were offended… some were inspired

Sale of indulgences…. “By what right does the Pope have the right to forgive sins, isn’t that God’s job”

Sought a debate with the Catholic Church

Scripture only comes from the Bible

Heaven through faith, not works

Only two sacraments… Baptism and Communion

Anyone that is a Christian can have a direct relationship with God (your Spirit guides you)

Martin Luther abandons the idea of Free Will and said it comes through God’s grace

Martin Luther

Excommunicated , 1521

Outlawed by Charles V

Found a protector in Frederick of Saxony

Diet of Worms, 1521, Trial

Deemed a heretic

“I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen.”

German’s Peasant War

Peasants fight the nobility

Fights against these Wars

Only equal in heaven, not on earth

Lutheranism… respects authority

Peace of Augsburg, 1555

Individual rulers can determine their principalities religion

English Reformation

Bell Ringers

Defense of the Seven Sacraments by

King Henry VIII of England, France, and

Ireland

What is the Defense of the Seven

Sacraments?

Why would Henry VIII be so quick to

defend the Catholic Faith?

How will the Pope respond to this writing?

King Henry VIII

Henry adamantly defends Catholicism

Married to Catherine from the House of Habsburg

Catherine is NOT producing a son

Wants to avoid another War of the Roses

Seeks an annulment

Catherine was originally married to Arthur (HVIII brother)

their marriage is against cannon law, but Henry received a dispensation stating marriage allowed

“Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy brother’s wife, it is thy brother’s nakedness” Leviticus 18:16

Pope denies his request

Catherine and Charles V

King Henry VIII

Act of Supremacy in 1534

Parliament granted Henry the title Supreme Head of the Church of England

Dissolved the English monasteries

Confiscated the churches land

Creation of the Gentry (unique to England)

Opposition

Catholics (Northern Catholics)

Monasteries were an important part of community life

Vital to economy

Pilgrimage Grace March (protested)

Henry VIII Reformation

Very conservative in nature

Luther was moderate and Calvin was radical, but Henry was conservative because he had no issue with the doctrine of Catholicism… just its power over him as the King

Many argue Anglican is its own branch, like Catholicism and Protestantism

Edward VI and Thomas Cranmer

Edward VI

King at 9, Dead at 16

Started to differentiate itself from the Roman Catholic under Thomas Cranmer

Archbishop of Canterbury

Book of Common Prayer, Got rid of Clerical Celibacy

Edward wanted to ensure the Protestant succession

appointed Lady Jane Grey as Queen

Executed by Queen Mary

Queen Mary

Queen Mary (Bloody Mary)

Restored Catholicism with her husband,

Philip II of Spain (co-regent)

First cousins once removed

300 Protestants martyred during her reign

Thomas Cranmer, victim

John Knox, Presbyterian (not a victim)

The First Blast of the Trumpet against the

Monstrous Regiment of Women, 1558

A fear of Mary and her reign

First Cousins once removed

John Knox on the Reign of Mary

“I fear not to say, that the day of vengeance, which shall apprehend that horrible monster

Jezebel of England, and such as maintain her monstrous cruelty, is already appointed in the

counsel of the eternal. And I verily believe that it is so nigh, that she shall not reign so long in

tyranny as hitherto she has done.”

– John Knox, The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women, 1558

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I, ruled 44 years

Restored Anglican Protestantism

Elizabethan Religious Settlement, 1559

Religious uniformity (Everyone is Anglican)

Moderate Protestantism

Elizabeth becomes Supreme Governor

Compromise with Catholics

Radical Protestants are outraged… believed to be too Catholic

Pope deems that Elizabeth’s rule is

illegitimate… Elizabeth gives the Jesuits 40

days to leave England

Philip II proposed marriage…Elizabeth denies

the advances (fears a co-regent)

Virgin Queen, best to stay married

1588, Spanish Armada

Defeated by the Royal Navy

England becomes the dominant force in the seas

The Catholic Reformation

Bell Ringers

If any one shall say, that man may be justified before God by his own works, whether done through the strength of human nature, or through the teaching of the law, without the divine grace through Jesus Christ, let them be anathema.

-Canon I on Justification

If any one shall say, that since Adam’s sin, the free will of man is lost and extinguished; or, that it is a thing with a name only, yea, a title without a reality, a figment… let him be anathema.

-Canon V on Justification

If any one shall say, that by faith alone the impious is justified; so as to mean that nothing else is required to cooperate in order unto the obtaining the grace of justification… let him be anathema.

-Canon IX on Justification

1. What is the purpose of this document?

2. What do you believe anathema means?

The Council of Trent

The Council of Trent, 1545-1563, 3 sessions

Affirmation of Catholic Doctrine

Sources of Authority

Scripture (foundation)

Tradition (respect)

Magisterium (pope and bishops)

Anathema

Condemning reformers to hell

Reformation of Church Practice

Quality of Priest increases

Seminaries

Fights Corruption

Indulgences (forgiveness) allowed, the sale forbidden

Religious Orders

The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Ignatius of Loyola, founder

Converted Knight, now fighting for spiritual warfare

Counter-Reformation:

Education (Jesuit Universities)

Spiritual Exercise

Emphasis of Personal Piety

The Revival of Spirituality

Saint Teresa of Avila

Mystic, Theologian, Reformer

Reformed monasteries to focus on spirituality and simplicity

Vows of chasity, poverty, and obedience

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, Bernini

Calvinism and the Wars of Religion

Bell Ringers

Protestant Reformation SAQ

Calvinism

John Calvin

Geneva, Switzerland

Reformed Christianity, Radical Reformer

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Doctrines and systems of his theology

Logical

Sovereignty of God is the absolute control

Predestination

No Free Will, The Elect are Chosen

French War of Religion

Huguenots, (French Protestants/Calvinist)

Substantial Protestant Minorities = Conflict

Catherine de’Medici

Married into the French Royal Family

The end of the Valois Dynasty

Queen Regent – manipulated her sons, most powerful women in Europe

St. Bartholomeus Day Massacre

Orchestrated by Catherine de’Medici

3,000 Protestants killed by Catholics in Paris

French War of Religions

Henry IV of Navarre

Defeated the Catholic League in the Wars of

Religion

became King of a Catholic nation… “Paris is worth a Mass” converted to Catholicism

Politique: political concern should be placed above

religious concerns… France is more important than

which Religion one follows

Edict of Nantes (1598): Protestants were tolerated

under certain circumstances in certain places

France will remain Catholic, however, Protestants granted partial religious tolerance

Henry IV established the Bourbon Dynasty