Chapter 15

Skeletal System

Skeletal System

• Provides support• Allows for mobility• Protects Vital Organs….your

brain, spinal column, heart and lungs

• Produces blood cells• Stores nutrients

From wikipedia.com

1. frontal bone 2. parietal bone (2) 3. temporal bone (2) 4. occipital bone 5. zygomatic bone (2) 6. superior and inferior maxilla 7. mandible 8. cervical vertebrae (7) incl. atlas & axis 9. nasal bone (2)10. Sternum11. hummerus (2) 12. ulna (2) 13. radius (2)14. lumbar vertebrae (5) thoracic vertebrae (12) 15. ilium16. sacrum not labeled coccyx 17. hip joint (joint, not bone) (2) 18. femur (2) 19. patella (2) 20. tibia (2) 21. fibula (2) 22. greater trochanter of femur 23. condyles of femur24. Knee joint not bone 25. clavicle or collarbone (2) 26. condyles of humerus 27. head of radius 28. ribs (2 x 12)29. scapula or shoulder blade (2)

Not Labeled:Palm or metacarpal bones:

metacarpal bones (5 × 2) Finger bones or phalanges:

proximal phalanges (5 × 2) intermediate phalanges (4 × 2) distal phalanges (5 × 2)

Ankle (tarsal) bones: calcaneus (heel bone) (2) talus (2) navicular bone (2) medial cuneiform bone (2) intermediate cuneiform bone (2) lateral cuneiform bone (2) cuboidal bone (2)

Instep bones: metatarsal bone (5 × 2)

Toe bones: proximal phalanges (5 × 2) intermediate phalanges (4 × 2)

distal phalanges (5 × 2)

Medical Practitioners

• Orthopedist• Rheumatologist• Osteopathic physician• Chiropractor

Bone Formation

• Osseous tissue-type of connective tissue– Osteocytes– Collagen

• Cartilaginous Tissue- fetal tissue from which bones develop

• Osteoblast- cells that mature and replace cartilage during ossification

• Osteoclasts- breakdown and reabsorb bone tissue

Bone Formation

• Calcium and phosphorus are necessary for formation of bones- enzymatic action causes these two minerals to bind together and produce calcium phosphate

• Vitamin D is also essential for proper absorption of these minerals

Types of Bones

• Long bones• Short bones• Sesamoid bones- small

rounded • Flat bones• Irregular

Long Bones

• Epiphyseal line - growth plate bone gets longer

• Epiphysis - ends of the bones-made of spongy bone

• Diaphysis - shaft of the bone-made of compact bone

• Metaphysis - flared portion

• Periosteum - strong vascular covering of the bone

• Yellow Marrow - fat• Compact bone -

area of the diaphysis

Source: wikipedia.com

Bone Structures

• Head- rounded end of the bone seperated by the neck from the body of the bone

• Tubercle- round process on the bone where tendons or muscles attach

• Tuberosity- lager round process where tendons and muscles attach

• Condyle- knuckle-like process at the joint

Bone Structures- depressions

• Fossa- shallow cavity• Foramen- opening for blood

vessels or nerves• Fissure- narrow deep slit on the

bone’s surface• Sinus- a hollow cavity in a bone• Trochanter-large bump on femur• Tubercle-round process where

muscle and tendons attach

•Compact and spongy bone have lots of blood vessels that move through them

• blood vessels pick up new blood cells and deposit minerals for storage

U.S. National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program (http://training.seer.cancer.gov/index.html)Exact adress

Flat Bone

• Flat bones are found in the skull

• Compact bone sandwiches cancellous bone on each side.

• Provides a shield for internal organs and especially your brain

Source:wikipedia.com

Bone Formation

Bone development

• Osteoblasts - osteocytes that replace the cartilage with bone

• Osteoclasts - break down bone to replace it over time

• Minerals attach to the bone structure

Growth of Long Bones

• Epiphyseal line is where the bone presses each direction creating elongation

• Damage to this area during growth causes the bone to be shorter than it should be

Growth of Long Bones

• If the work of the growth plate is interrupted one leg or arm will be shorter than the other

• If growth is interrupted by disease or chemicals of all epiphyseal plates then the person will have a shorter stature and may have problems later in life with bone disease

Bone Growth

source: http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit3_3_bone_growth.html

Bone Layers

Fractures

Fracture

• The Diagram is a simple complete fracture

• During a fracture the bone tissue will often bleed just like other wounds in the body

• The tissue will swell to create immobilization and decrease use.

• As the bone heals it creates a callus and is thicker than the bone was before

Fracture Myths

• These are false statements….– You can’t move a broken bone,

or the joint closest to the break– You can tell by looking at a limb

that it is broken– Casting is always necessary for

proper healing– Taking vitamins prevents

fractures

Male and Female

• Male skeletal system has denser bones

• The pelvic girdle is shaped differently in men and women

• The number of bones in the same

Male Pelvis

Female Pelvis

Bone Identification

Be able to divide the bones into the following groups

• Identify the long bones (femur, ulna, radius…)

• Identify the flat bones (skull bones, sternum….)

• Identify Irregular bones (ribs, patella,….)

Joint Basics

• bone ends are protected by articular cartilage and a joint capsule

• The outer most edge of the articular cartilage is covered with the synovial membrane which secretes fluid to lubricate the joint

Joint Actions

Joint Actions

Joints in Skull

Joint Identification

Be able to divide list the bones of each joint type…..

• Saddle• Hinge• Gliding• Ball and socket• Pivot• Condyloid• Immobile

Activities

• Vocabulary Flashcards

Assessment 15.01 Preview

• Skull bone• Heel bone• Ribs• Thigh bone• Posterior part of the

pelvis• Upper part of the pelvis• Hip socket• Wrist bones• Smaller lower leg bone• Collar bone• Lower arm bone, small

finger side• Process found on each

side of the ankle• Shin bone

• Lower jaw bone• Bones of the hind foot• Upper jaw• Breast bone• Hand bones• Shoulder bones• Foot bones• Lower arm bone thumb

side• Elbow• Anterior part of pelvic

bone• Kneecap• Fibula• Pelvis• Finger bones

Give the combining form for each definition and a medical term that uses it.

Assessment 15.02 Preview

Describe each of the terms listed below: • Ossification• Bone phagocytes• Cartilaginous tissue• Collagen• Osteoblasts• Osseous tissue• Osteoclasts• Calcium salts• Cancellous Bone• Haversian Canals• Yellow Bone Marrow• Periosteum• Bone phagocytes

Assessment 15.03 Preview

Give a description of each long bone part:

• Diaphysis• Epiphysis• Epiphyseal line• Metaphysis• Periosteum• Articular Cartilage• Compact Bone• Medullary Cavity

Give a description of each bone landmark:

• Condyle• Bone Process• Bone Head• Tuberosity• Trochanter• TubercleGive a description and

example of each bone type:• Long• Short• Irregular• Flat• Sesamoid

Assessment 15.04 Preview

• Arthritis• Spondylosis• Osteomalacia• Spondylolisthesis• Lordosis• Scoliosis• Osteogenic

Sarcoma• Exostosis• Osteosarcoma

• Osteomyelitis• Osteporosis• Talipes• Kyphosis• Gouty arthritis• Ankylosing

spondulitis• Osteoarthritis• Rheumatoid

Arthritis

Break down each word into its parts and give a definition for each

Assessment 15.05 – Case Study

Marfan syndromeAs a fourth year medical student you are attending

the Pediatric Cardiology clinic. Your first patient of the morning is a 5-year-old child with a chest concavity, dislocated lenses of the eye, and a heart murmur. You consider these features and make a presumptive diagnosis of Marfan syndrome (154700).

You ask the parents about the family history and note that the mother’s side of the family is not remarkable. However, on the father’s side of the family, there are numerous relatives with heart problems. The father is not unusually tall (5’ 9") and has no heart or eye problems. However, the father’s brother developed aortic dilation and insufficiency at age 41, was 6’7" tall, and had a lean build with joint laxity.