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Basic Anatomy and Basic Anatomy and BiomechanicsBiomechanics
PE 254PE 254
Functions of the Functions of the Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System
Gives the body shapeGives the body shape Protects internal organsProtects internal organs Provides for movementProvides for movement Consists of more than 600 musclesConsists of more than 600 muscles
AnatomyAnatomy
MusclesMuscles - provide movement & - provide movement &
generate heat.generate heat.
LigamentsLigaments - connect bone to bone- connect bone to bone
injury = spraininjury = sprain
TendonsTendons - connect bone to muscle- connect bone to muscle
injury = straininjury = strain
BonesBones - protection & shape- protection & shape
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Gives form to the bodyGives form to the body
Protects vital organsProtects vital organs
Consists of 206 bonesConsists of 206 bones
Acts as a framework for attachment of Acts as a framework for attachment of musclesmuscles
Designed to permit motion of the bodyDesigned to permit motion of the body
The SkullThe Skull
The NeckThe Neck
The Spinal ColumnThe Spinal Column
Structure of the Spine
The ThoraxThe Thorax
The PelvisThe Pelvis
The Lower ExtremityThe Lower Extremity
HipHip
ThighThigh
KneeKnee
LegLeg
AnkleAnkle
FootFoot
The Upper ExtremityThe Upper Extremity
Shoulder girdleShoulder girdle
ArmArm
ElbowElbow
ForearmForearm
WristWrist
HandHand
JointsJoints
Degree of movementDegree of movement Synarthrosis – immovable joint Synarthrosis – immovable joint
(ex: the skull)(ex: the skull) Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable jointAmphiarthrosis – slightly movable joint
(ex: fibrocartilaginous disc between the (ex: fibrocartilaginous disc between the vertebrae; ligament or membrane links the vertebrae; ligament or membrane links the two bones such as scapula to the clavicle)two bones such as scapula to the clavicle)
Diarthrosis – freely movable joint Diarthrosis – freely movable joint
(ex: hip or shoulder joint)(ex: hip or shoulder joint)
Diarthrosis JointsDiarthrosis Joints
Examples of Diarthrosis JointsExamples of Diarthrosis Joints
Types of Muscle Types of Muscle (1 of 3)(1 of 3)
Skeletal (voluntary) muscle Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
Attached to the bones of the bodyAttached to the bones of the body
Smooth (involuntary) muscleSmooth (involuntary) muscle
Carry out the automatic muscular functions Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the bodyof the body
Types of Muscle Types of Muscle (2 of 3)(2 of 3)
Smooth (involuntary) muscleSmooth (involuntary) muscle
Carry out the automatic muscular functions Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the bodyof the body
Types of Muscle Types of Muscle (3 of 3)(3 of 3)
Cardiac muscleCardiac muscle
Involuntary muscleInvoluntary muscle
Has own blood supply and electrical Has own blood supply and electrical systemsystem
Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periodsfor only very short periods
Human Body Muscle DiagramHuman Body Muscle Diagram
Muscle GroupsMuscle Groups
Because a single muscle usually does not act Because a single muscle usually does not act alone when it exerts tension in normal body alone when it exerts tension in normal body movement, it acts as one member of the team of movement, it acts as one member of the team of muscles that partially or wholly can control or muscles that partially or wholly can control or contribute to the joint movement occurring. contribute to the joint movement occurring. Therefore, it is convenient and adequate in most Therefore, it is convenient and adequate in most cases of gross muscular analysis to refer to the cases of gross muscular analysis to refer to the action of “groups of individual muscles” rather action of “groups of individual muscles” rather than trying to name each one that is or might than trying to name each one that is or might acting. acting.
Examples of Muscle GroupsExamples of Muscle Groups
Elbow flexors/extensorsElbow flexors/extensors
Knee flexors/extensorsKnee flexors/extensors
Shoulder abductors/adductorsShoulder abductors/adductors
Shoulder flexors/extensorsShoulder flexors/extensors
Hip flexors/extensorsHip flexors/extensors
Hip abductors/adductorsHip abductors/adductors
Standard Reference TerminologyStandard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference PositionAnatomical Reference Position
Erect standing position with all body parts, Erect standing position with all body parts, including the palms of the hands, facing including the palms of the hands, facing forward; considered the starting position forward; considered the starting position for body segment movementsfor body segment movements
Basic Joint ArticulationsBasic Joint Articulations
FlexionFlexion
ExtensionExtension
AAbdbduction uction
AAdddductionuction
Pronation (elbow and forearm)Pronation (elbow and forearm)
Supination (elbow and forearm)Supination (elbow and forearm)
Standard Reference TerminologyStandard Reference TerminologyDirectional TermsDirectional Terms
SuperiorSuperior
InferiorInferior
AnteriorAnterior
PosteriorPosterior
MedialMedial
LateralLateral
ProximalProximal
DistalDistal
SuperficialSuperficial
DeepDeep
Standard Reference TerminologyStandard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference PlanesAnatomical Reference Planes
Cardinal planes – 3 imaginary Cardinal planes – 3 imaginary perpendicular reference planes that divide perpendicular reference planes that divide the body in half by massthe body in half by mass Sagittal planeSagittal plane Frontal planeFrontal plane Transverse planeTransverse plane
Standard Reference TerminologyStandard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference AxesAnatomical Reference Axes
An imaginary axis of rotation that passes An imaginary axis of rotation that passes through a joint to which it is attachedthrough a joint to which it is attached Mediolateral axisMediolateral axis Anterioposterior axisAnterioposterior axis Longitudinal axisLongitudinal axis
2-5
2-6
Sagittal plane movementsSagittal plane movements
2-8
Frontal Plane MovementsFrontal Plane Movements
2-13
Transverse Plane MovementsTransverse Plane Movements
2-16
Other MovementsOther Movements
2-19
PLANES of MotionPLANES of Motion AXES of RotationAXES of Rotation
SAGGITALSAGGITAL(FRONT TO BACK MAKING TWO HALVES, (FRONT TO BACK MAKING TWO HALVES, LEFT AND RIGHT)LEFT AND RIGHT)
MEDIOLATERALMEDIOLATERAL
FRONTALFRONTAL(SIDE TO SIDE MAKING TWO HALVES, FRONT (SIDE TO SIDE MAKING TWO HALVES, FRONT AND BACK)AND BACK)
ANTERIOPOSTERIORANTERIOPOSTERIOR
TRANSVERSETRANSVERSE(TRANSVERSE MAKING TWO HALVES, TOP (TRANSVERSE MAKING TWO HALVES, TOP AND BOTTOM)AND BOTTOM)
LONGITUDINALLONGITUDINAL
Planes of Motion and Axes of RotationPlanes of Motion and Axes of Rotation
What could a biomechanist do to What could a biomechanist do to improve sport performance?improve sport performance?
Group ActivityGroup Activity
Group 1: Lunges.Group 1: Lunges.Group 2: Standing broad jump.Group 2: Standing broad jump.Group 3: Discus throw.Group 3: Discus throw.Group 4: 100-meter sprint from the starting Group 4: 100-meter sprint from the starting block.block.Group 5: Push-ups.Group 5: Push-ups.Group 6: Shoulder press with barbells.Group 6: Shoulder press with barbells.Group 7: Free throws in basketball.Group 7: Free throws in basketball. Group 8: Javelin throw.Group 8: Javelin throw.Group 9: Bench press with straight bar.Group 9: Bench press with straight bar.Group 10: Field-goal kick in football. Group 10: Field-goal kick in football.
Group ActivityGroup Activity
Identify the following:Identify the following:
1. Joint(s) involved in activity1. Joint(s) involved in activity
2. Muscle group(s) involved in activity2. Muscle group(s) involved in activity
3. Plane(s) of motion3. Plane(s) of motion
4. Axis(es) of rotation4. Axis(es) of rotation
RemindersReminders
No class on Monday, September 6No class on Monday, September 6thth in in observance of Labor Dayobservance of Labor Day
Quiz 2 on Wednesday, September 8Quiz 2 on Wednesday, September 8thth