CHAPTER 14 OVERVIEW• THE HOPES OF IMMIGRANTS

•AMERICAN LITERATURE & ART

• REFORMING AMERICAN SOCIETY

• ABOLITION & WOMEN’S RIGHTS

The Hopes of Immigrants :

Immigration between 1820 & 1860

39

31

16

4

1 9

Immigration Sources

IrelandGermanyGreat BritainThe AmericasScandinaviaOther

Who came?

Push Factors

Population GrowthAgricultural ChangesCrop FailuresIndustrial RevolutionReligious & Political

Turmoil

FreedomEconomic

OpportunityAbundant Land

Push-Pull Factors (Why did they come?)

Pull Factors

Train & Co. Boston Packets Advertisement, 1855Courtesy of the Bostonian Society/Old State House

http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/2_3.html

How did they get here?

O is for Overview. Conduct a brief overview of the main subject of the visual.

P is for Parts. Scrutinize the parts of the visual. Note any elements or details that seem important.

T is for Title or Theme. Read the title or caption of the visual (if present) for added information.

I is for Interrelationships. Use the words in the title or caption and the individual parts of the visual to

determine connections and relationships within the graphic.

C is for Conclusion. Draw a conclusion about the meaning of the visual as a whole. Summarize the message in one or two sentences.

OPTIC

OPTIC

Steerage class ticket

View of passenger quarters

Port cities (Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City)

Midwest & TexasMidwest – mainly Minnesota &

Wisconsin

Where did they settle?• Irish• Germans• Scandinavia

ns

Street with some businesses started by German immigrants

Some German artisans opens businesses as bakers, butchers, carpenters, printers, shoemakers, and tailors. Many were very successful. In 1853, John Jacob Bausch and Henry Lomb started a company that is still in business, today.

• Writers & artists drew inspiration from nature and democratic ideals

• Romanticism – emphasized the individual, imagination, creativity & emotion

• Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne & Henry David Thoreau laid the foundation for American literature

American Literature & Art:

Writers:Washington IrvingJames Fenimore CooperFrancis ParkmanNoah WebsterHenry Wadsworth

LongfellowRalph Waldo EmersonHenry David ThoreauMargaret FullerWalt WhitmanEmily DickinsonNathaniel HawthorneHerman Melville

Artists:Hudson River SchoolAlbert BierstadtJohn James Audubon

• Second Great Awakening• Temperance Movement• Labor Unions & Strikes• Horace Mann• Private Colleges• Alexander Twilight (1823) & John Russworm (1826)• Mary Jane Patterson • Dorothea Dix•“Penny Papers”

Reforming American Society:

Abolition & Women's Rights:

“... such is the horrible idea that I entertain respecting a life of servitude, that if I conceived of there being no possibility of my rising above the condition of servant, I would gladly hail death as a welcome messenger.”

Maria Stewart

... this nation is rotten at the heart, and ... nothing but the most tremendous blows with the sledge-hammer of abolition truth, could ever have broken the false rest which we had taken up for ourselves on the very brink of ruin.

Angelina Grimke

“Forced from home, and all its pleasures,Afric’s coast I left forlorn;To increase a stranger’s treasures,O’er the raging billows borne.Men from England bought and sold me,Paid my price in paltry gold;But, though theirs they have enroll’d me,Minds are never to be sold.”

William Cowper

Slavery

200 slave uprisings in the U.S. between 1776 and 1869

Uprisings were one way to rebel, the other was escape, most along the…

Underground RailroadInformal network of people aiding escaped

slavesOffered shelter/hiding, food, and directions to

the next friendly spotHarriet Tubman

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Cupboard with a secret compartment

Routes

Different escape routes of Slaves.

Notice all of the red in Ohio!

Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist (name of

someone wanting to abolish slavery) abolish = end

Mostly work of American women

Abolitionist MovementFaced opposition from slave holders in the

southAttack on, “livelihood, way of life, and religion”Economic argumentJob competition

The radical abolition movement had the greatest impact on women’s rights.

Changes in American life during the Industrial Revolution

Division between work and home

Education for women

The demand for women suffrage emerged in the first half of the 19th century from within other reform movements.

Susan B. Anthony and Amelia Bloomer attended the New York Men’s State Temperance Society meeting while wearing short hair and bloomers.

Women in the abolition movement recognized parallels between the legal condition of slaves and that of women.

Participation in the Anti-Slavery movement helped women develop public-speaking and argumentative skills that carried over into the women’s rights movement.

Clarina Irene Howard Nichols, Abolitionist and First Feminist of the Kansas Territory

Both white and black women were excluded from full membership in the American Anti-Slavery Society until 1840.

Women responded by forming their own separate female auxiliaries—by 1838, over 100 existed.

Marie Stewart, early African-American abolitionist speaker

“What if I am a woman? . . . Females [should] strive by their example, both in public and in private, to assist those who are endeavoring to stop the strong current of prejudice that flows so profusely against us at present.”

Marie Stewart, 1833

Angelina and Sarah Grimké

The Grimké sisters, nationally prominent abolitionists, connected the inequalities of women, both white and black, with slavery.

“. . . We are placed very unexpectedly in a very trying situation, in the forefront of an entirely new contest—a contest for the rights of women as a moral, intelligent, and responsible being. . . . It is a woman’s right to have a voice in all the laws and regulations by which she is to be governed.”

Angelina Grimké, 1838

1840: The World Anti-Slavery Society denied women delegates the right to speak.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton attended the 1840 Anti-Slavery Convention and her experience led her into the struggle for women’s rights.

"We resolved to hold a convention as soon as we returned home, and form a society to advocate the rights of women."

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott met in 1848 to organize a convention to promote “the social, civil, and religious rights of women.”

The Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention, 1848

The first signatures on the Declaration of

Sentiments.

“. . . The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. . . . He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she has no voice. . .”

Elizabeth Cady Stanton,

The Declaration of Sentiments

Frederick Douglass demanded the vote for women in 1848.

Before the Civil War, black and white men and women worked together for women’s rights and the abolition of slavery.

Venn DiagramAbolition Movement

Women’s Rights Movement