Chapter 14Europe and the New

World:

New Encounters, 1500 - 1800

p. 413

On the Brink of a New World

Motives and Means Catholic Europe had been largely confined to the continent (exception

of the Crusades, which failed) The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century)-Fantastic lands of

legend and myth Access to the East The Polos-Popularized China in Europe through descriptions of

Kublai Khan and Mongol courts Economic Motives-Primary motive for European exploration Religious Zeal-Particularly strong motivation for Portugal and Spain Centralized Monarchies Ptolemy’s Geography (1477)

Development of seaworthy ships and new navigational techniques Old techniques, such as using the Pole Star to determine position

was useless below the equator

p. 416

Portuguese Exploration

Portuguese fleets had begun sailing south along the western coast of Africa in early 15th century In search of commerce and trade

Precious metals and goods such as gold and ivory from parts of Morocco and the “Gold Coast”

1440s-Portuguese begin profiting from the selling of African slaves through their maritime exploration

New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460)

Established first school for mariners in Portugal The Development of a Portuguese Maritime

Empire Bartholomeu Dias Vasco da Gama

Reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope Direct voyage from Europe to India

Viceroys Alfonso d’Albuquerque (1462 – 1515) Commercial – Military bases

Reasons for Portuguese Success Able to defeat Muslim opposition and control trade with

India (Accomplished this with arms and technique)

Destruction of Muslims at Malacca Encompassing and controlling Malacca

and the Malay peninsula meant: Destroying Arab spice trade Providing a way station on route to the

Spice Islands and China

Map 14-1, p. 417

p. 418

p. 418

Voyages of the New World

Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506) Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492) Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502)

Additional Discoveries John Cabot-Venetian that sailed for England Pedro Cabral-Discovered South America in 1500 Amerigo Vespucci- America=New Lands Nun˜ez de Balboa Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – 1521)

First known circumnavigation of the earth Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)-divided the New

World between Spain and Portugal

p. 420

The Spanish Empire in the New World Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica

The Maya (civilization of sophistication) The Aztec were the prominent rulers of much of

Mexico at the time of Euro exploration The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire

Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547) Best exemplifies Spanish exploration and expansion of

the New World Moctezuma (Montezuma) Aztec Empire overthrownby Cortez

Capital city (Tenochtitlan) located in Central Mexixo

p. 421

p. 422

The Spanish Empire (Cont)

The Inca (Ruler) and the Spanish Pachakuti-Inca leader (Led campaign bringing entire region

under control) Inca buildings and roads Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475 – 1541)

Conquered and plundered Inca empire in 1531 Smallpox- European disease contributing to high mortality

rates among natives of the New World Incas overthrown (1535)- Pizzaro establishes new Spanish

Empire at the capital city of Lima No immunity for epidemic Death of the emperor Civil war between two sons of the Inca Emperor Incan soldiers outmatched

Armed with stones, arrows, and light spears

The Spanish Empire (Cont)

Administration of the Spanish Empire Queen Isabella proclaimed the natives to be subjects of

Castile Encomienda- Social and Economic System under Castile

Conquistadors collected tribute from the natives and used their labor Spaniards abused Indians, ignoring their government

Put to work on plantations and in gold and silver mines

Bartolome de Las Casas was a major public critic of Spanish treatment of the Indians

Viceroys Ruled over New Spain and Peru

The Church Catholic Monarchs of Spain given extensive rights of Holy affairs in the

New World

p. 422

Chronology, p. 424

p. 424

New Rivals

Dutch, French, and English Dutch East India Company 1602

Established a settlement at the Cape of Good Hope

Trade in slaves increases with European exploration and settlement

Most Africans taken from coastal areas and shipped to plantations in the NW (Middle East and Europe previously)

Discovery of the Americas changed the slave trade drastically

Africa: The Slave Trade

Sugar Cane and slavery European diseases set an early expiration date for many Indians Plantations needed more labor than natives could supply

Growth in the Slave Trade Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas

between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

New Atlantic Economy represented by Triangular Trade

European Merchants from England, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Dutch Republic

Facilitated trade between European, African, and American continents

The Slave Trade (cont)

Each cargo contained around 300-450 Rate of death could exceed 10% on longer

journeys due to adverse conditions Suffering endured for Africans who survived the

middle passage as they had little or no immunity to NW sicknesses

Effects of the Slave Trade

The Slave Trade increased war and violence in Africa among natives Prisoners of War

Crippled African economies Depopulation of African communities Demoralization

Conflicting Views of Slavery

Western society tended to accept slavery

Blacks viewed as inferior beings meant for dull labor

Beginning in the 1770s the Society of Friends (Quakers) publicly abhorred slavery

Map 14-2, p. 427

The West in Southeast Asia

Portugal Too weak at home to dominate empire abroad

Spain Established Pacific base in the Philippines

The Dutch and the English Dutch seize the spice trade, in SE Asia, from

Portugal in the early 17th century Dutch bring most of Indonesia under its control by

the end of the 18th century

The West in Southeast Asia (cont) Mainland SE Asia was not impacted as

much by European arrival More success in resisting European intrusion

because they had strong monarchies and were more politically cohesive

Cooperation helped states drive Europeans out

Local Kingdoms (Burma/Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Angkor (Cambodia), and Vietnam)

p. 429

p. 430

p. 430

The French and the British in India The Mughal Empire

Mongol in origin Babur-Founder of dynasty Akbar (1556-1605) Grandson of Babur

Brought more systematic and centralized rule to India

Under Akbar and the Mughal Empire, India enjoyed economic progress and relative peace

The French and the British in India The Impact of the Western Powers

Portugal-Original European power in India England-Steady increase in British presence French-Major western rival to the British in India Sir Robert Clive

Thwarted the French threat in India The East India Company

Company in which stakes can be bought and owned by shareholders

Local British population in India’s Fort William imprisoned in the black hole of Calcutta

p. 432

China

China In 16th century Portugal became the first European state to

make direct contact with China since the travels of M. Polo Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644) Qing Dynasty

Originated from Manchuria and replaced the Ming in the 17th century Overthrow of the Ming created opportunity for Manchus who conquered

Beijing and Li Zicheng Limited Contact with Europeans Lord Macartney compared the Chinese empire to “an

old, crazy, first-rate man of war destined to be dashed to pieces on the shore”

Due to incompetent leadership

Japan

Japan Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616)

Shogun, meaning general, achieved the unification of Japan

Most powerful and longest lasting of all Shogunates Opening to the West

The Portuguese Initially visitors welcomed Catholic Missionaries Interfered in local politics Tokugawa Ieyasu expelled all missionaries in Japan and

persecuted Christians

p. 433

The Americas

The Spanish and Portuguese were challenged by European rivals British and French found success in the W. Indies

North America The Dutch settle the Hudson River Valley The English

Jamestown (1607)-First permanent English settlement in N. America

The French Canada- Jacques Cartier discovers St. Lawrence River

in 1534 and claims Canada as a French possession

p. 435

Chronology, p. 436

The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquered Devastating effects to local populations in America

and Africa Less impact in Asia

China and Japan were two nations barely impacted by European power and influence

Multiracial society first appeared in Latin America Catholic Missionaries

Conversion of native populations Hospitals, orphanages and schools The Jesuits

Allowed new converts to practice ancestor worship Catholicism failed to disperse in China because of the opposition by the

Pope to ancestor worship

The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquerors Europeans lusted for gold and silver

Opening of Potosi mines in Peru (1545) the value of precious metals imported into Europe quadrupled

Exchange of plants and animals Columbian Exchange

European brought cattle, horses, and wheat to NW Took potatoes, chocolate, corn, tobacco back to Europe

European rivalries New views of the world

Gerardus Mercator’s (1512 – 1594) work is the most famous map projection in history

A Mercator projection shows the true shape of landmasses in a limited area

Map 14-3, p. 440

p. 441

Toward a World Economy

Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century Inflation

Major economic problem in Europe; created price instability

Wages failed to keep up with price increases Decline in the standard of living for working class

The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Joint stock trading companies

Commercial organization benefitted commercial expansion

Individuals bought shares in companies and received dividends on their investments

Raise of spectacular sums of capital for world trading

Toward a World Economy

The financial center of Europe in the 17th century was Amsterdam

New industries tied to banking firms Jacob Fugger was given a monopoly over

silver, copper, and mercury mines in the Habsburg possessions of central Europe

These possessions produced profits of 50%, annually

Mercantilism

Total volume of trade unchangeable Economic activity = war through

peaceful means Importance of bullion (gold and silver)

and favorable balance of trade Exported goods more valuable than

imported goods State intervention

Governments should stimulate and protect export industries and trade

p. 443

Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization

Transoceanic trade very valuable Goods consumed by affluent, merchants,

and artisans Intra European trade

By the end of the 17th century local, regional, and intra-European trade was greater than international trade

Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East and the Americas

Timeline, p. 445