Chapter 11 Online

8/13/2019 Chapter 11 Online

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-11-online 1/28

Psychology of LearningEXP4404

Chapter 11: Memory and Forgetting

Dr. Steve



Topics Covered

Stage Model of Memory

Semantic Models of Memory

Theories of Forgetting Memory Disorders

Applications of Memory Research

Memory Strategies




D e c a y

Di s pl a c em en t

R e t r i ev al F ai l ur e

R eh e ar

s al

Atkinson & Shiffrin



Sensory Memory


Sperling

experimentdemonstratesthat . . .



Short Term Memory

Encoding Storage

Retrieval

Serial Position Effect

Primacy Effect

Recency Effect




Encoding and Remembering

Maintenance Rehearsal

Elaborative Rehearsal

Levels of Processing (Craik & Lockhart)

Shallow

Deep

Von Restorff Effect






Nondeclarative Memory

Procedural Memory




Semantic Network Models

Hierarchical Networks

RT studies by Collins & Quillian (1972)

Animal•Has skin•Can move around•Eats•Breaths

Bird Fish•Has fins•Can swim•Has gills

•Has wings•Can fly•Has feathers

Canary•Can sing•Is yellow Penguin

•Is black & white•Can’t fly Shark

•Can bite•Is dangerous Salmon

•Is pink•

Is edible•Swimsupstream



Spreading Activation

Strong semantic relationship are represented by . . .

Demonstrated with priming effect experiments

Semantic Network Models

spoon

fork

knife

toolssaw

hands arms

fingers toes

hammer

nails



Semantic Models

Category Clustering



Forgetting

Ebbinghaus

Memorized long lists of nonsense syllables (cew, qoz)



Forgetting

Theories of Forgetting

Decay Theory

Interference

Proactive

Retroactive



Forgetting

Variables affecting interference:

Meaningfulness of material

Similarity of material

Time between learning and recall



Memory Disorders

Amnesia

May be caused by damage to the limbic system(specifically Hippocampus).

Case of HM –

Suffered from:

Moderate retrograde amnesia

Severe anterograde amnesia



Memory Disorders

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

May suffer both retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Case of 59 yr old man





Applications: Foraging

Organisms may be less likely to forgetinformation when it is important for survival



Applications: Eyewitness

Testimony

Loftus & Palmer

Believed memories were reconstructed each time they areaccessed

Study:



Memory Techniques and

Strategies

Cue-Dependent Forgetting(EncodingSpecificity)

State-Dependent Learning




Strategies

Massed vs. Distributed Practice

Fatigue

Consolidation

Differential Encoding Hypothesis






Strategies

Method of Loci

First noted as technique by ancient Greeks




Strategies

Keyword Technique



Memory Techniques and Strategies

Other Mnemonics

Musical staff

Biological categorizations Mathematical order of functions

I before E, except after C

30 days has November, April, June, and September




Strategies

Pegword

To recall following grocery list (eggs, apples, butter,soda, pasta, tuna, steak, sugar, chips, lettuce)

One is a bun – egg resting on a bun

Two is a shoe – shoe kicking an apple

Three is a tree – a butter tree

Four is a door – coke logo on a door

Five is a hive – beehive made of pasta

Six is sticks – can of tuna balanced on a stick

Seven is heaven – steak with angel wings

Eight is a gate – fence gate made of sugar cubes

Nine is wine – potato chips floating down a river of wine

Ten is a hen – hen sitting on top of lettuce head




Strategies

Chunking




Strategies

Narrative Chaining

Make a story with the following word list:

Walrus, Brass, Fan, Frog, Hospital, Lightbulb, Cookie

Amazing Feats of Memory Video

Documents

Chapter 11 Online