Psychoanalytic Approach:

Post-FreudChapter 11

Evaluating Freud First to propose unified theory to

understand and explain human behavior

Most complete, complex, and controversial• Some treat work as sacred, others

unscientific Fisher and Greenberg

• Held up well, far from perfect

Carl Jung Freud’s closest

associate until disagreement• Positive view of

human nature People try to develop

potential & handle instinctual urges

• Personal vs collective unconscious

Jung Cont. Collective

unconscious• Storehouse of

instincts, urges, and memories shared by all humanity

• Archetypes: inherited, universal ideas Mother, hero, wise old

man, etc.

We are not fully aware we are part of these forces

We all attempt to fill these archetypal roles• Hide our real feelings

and real personalities Persona: fake

personalities we develop

The Neo-FreudiansSaw that Freud and Jung had valid ideas about

the unconscious, but believed that they were ignoring the impact of social forces.

Karen Horney Strongly disagreed

with Freud’s focus on biological drives

Dealing w/ impulses from id less important for personality than coping w/ stress of social needs

Horney cont. Humans feel most helpless, anxious,

and lost when it comes to getting enough love• All of us need love• Constantly afraid that important people

won’t like us Build our personalities around

fighting rejection• We go along with people when we don’t

want to

Alfred Adler Associate of Freud’s

• Left in early 20th century to develop own approach

Driving force = desire to overcome feelings of inferiority • Ex: Demosthenes

Adler cont. Inferiority Complex:

continually trying to compensate for weakness

Children feel inferior but grow to become independent

Way parents treat children influence styles of life

Overpampering = self-centered person; little regard for others; expected everyone to submit

Neglected = seek revenge; angry, hostile person

Both lack confidence in abilities to meet demands of life

Erik Erikson Disagreed w/ Freud

that personality was set in early years

Life divided into 8 stages

Social forces are most important

We can “rescue” ourselves at any stage • Not doomed because

of one mistake

Stage 1 (Birth – 2 Years)TRUST MISTRUST

Infant is totally dependent on

others and learns to trust these

others

Infant learns to distrust others

Stage 2 (2 – 3 Years)AUTONOMY SHAME

Child tried to become a separate

individual and is allowed some

independence by parents

If not allowed to develop a feeling of independence,

the child feels shame.

Stage 3 (3 – 5 Years) INITIATIVE GUILT

Child tries to take control of

environment and is allowed some

control

If not allowed any initiative, the child

feels guilty for having failed

Stage 4 (6 – 12 Years)INDUSTRY INFERIORITY

Child wants to do more and better

things – to be industrious – and develops skills for which he or she receives rewards

If the child does not develop skills

or is not rewarded, he or she feels

inferior

Stage 5 (13 – 18 Years)IDENTITY

IDENTITY CONFUSION

Adolescent searches for a role or identity in life and develops a

sense of self

Adolescent feels confused if no role

is found

Stage 6 (18 – 30 Years)INTIMACY ISOLATION

Young adult shares special or intimate feelings with one

special person

When the young adult does not experience this

sharing, loneliness and isolation

prevail

Stage 7 (Middle Adulthood)GENERATIVITY STAGNATION

Adult feels the need to generate

or contribute something

important to the world and is able

to do so

If unable to contribute anything

important, the adult deteriorates

or stagnates

Stage 8 (Late Adulthood)EGO INTEGRITY EGO DESPAIR

Person looks to the past and feels

a sense of accomplishment

or integrity

If the person looks back and feels no

sense of accomplishment, he or she feels

empty and despairing

Assessing Neo-Freudians Brought important new dimension to

psychoanalysis• Social forces

Provided more to work with in analysis than just biological drives

Problem of whether or not we have an unconscious still exists