Chapter 11: Emotions, Chapter 11: Emotions, Stress and HealthStress and Health

Theories of EmotionTheories of Emotion

1.1. James-Lange – emotion follows James-Lange – emotion follows physiologyphysiology

2.2. Cannon-Bard – the physiology and Cannon-Bard – the physiology and emotion happen at the same timeemotion happen at the same time

Thinking and FeelingThinking and Feeling1.1. Do our feelings lead our thoughts or Do our feelings lead our thoughts or

do our thoughts lead our feelings?? do our thoughts lead our feelings??

2.2. Schacter’s Two-Factor TheorySchacter’s Two-Factor Theory

3.3. Epinepherine experimentEpinepherine experiment

Emotion & the BodyEmotion & the Body

1.1. Activation of the sympathetic Activation of the sympathetic nervous system accompanies most nervous system accompanies most emotional reactions emotional reactions

How does similar activation How does similar activation accompany such a wide range of accompany such a wide range of emotions? Are there other differences? emotions? Are there other differences?

Expressing Emotion: Non-Expressing Emotion: Non-Verbal BehaviorVerbal Behavior

1.1. We all do it constantly, whether we know We all do it constantly, whether we know it or not it or not

2.2. Are some of better at reading nonverbal Are some of better at reading nonverbal clues than others?clues than others?

3.3. We are all best at spotting We are all best at spotting anger/threatening nonverbal materialanger/threatening nonverbal material

What physical cues do What physical cues do we use to Detect we use to Detect Emotion in others?Emotion in others?

1.1. Facial expressionFacial expression

2.2. Other bodily movementsOther bodily movements

3.3. We can even sense subtle We can even sense subtle differences in emotional reactionsdifferences in emotional reactions

Where is nonverbal Where is nonverbal communication used?communication used?

Especially unfamiliar situationsEspecially unfamiliar situations Situations in which we have little other Situations in which we have little other

information information

• Can anyone think of an activity Can anyone think of an activity where access to nonverbal where access to nonverbal information is limited and may information is limited and may actually put us at a disadvantage?? actually put us at a disadvantage??

Culture and EmotionCulture and Emotion

1.1. Gestures and other nonverbal Gestures and other nonverbal behavior definitely vary across behavior definitely vary across cultures cultures

2.2. Facial expressions do not vary Facial expressions do not vary

3.3. Emphasis on emotional expression Emphasis on emotional expression varies widely from culture to culturevaries widely from culture to culture

Facial ExpressionsFacial Expressions1.1. Can adopting a certain facial Can adopting a certain facial

expression change the way you expression change the way you feel?feel?

2.2. Research says…Research says…

3.3. EmpathyEmpathy

Experiencing AngerExperiencing Anger1.1. What makes us angry?What makes us angry?

2.2. How should we handle anger?How should we handle anger?

Experiencing Experiencing HappinessHappiness

1.1. What sorts of things make us happy?What sorts of things make us happy?

2.2. Feel-good, do-good phenomenon = when Feel-good, do-good phenomenon = when we are feeling happy we are more like to we are feeling happy we are more like to help othershelp others

3.3. Not too much research on ‘happy’ (called Not too much research on ‘happy’ (called subjective well-being), but it is an area of subjective well-being), but it is an area of increasing interestincreasing interest

More HappinessMore Happiness

1.1. Happiness is relative to our prior Happiness is relative to our prior experienceexperience

2.2. Our feelings of happiness are also Our feelings of happiness are also influenced by our perception of the influenced by our perception of the haves and have-nots of other haves and have-nots of other peoplepeople

What is Stress?What is Stress?1.1. Stress is a physiological and Stress is a physiological and

behavior response to a threat behavior response to a threat (stressor)(stressor)

2.2. Can Stress ever be a good thing?Can Stress ever be a good thing?

3.3. Prolonged exposure to stress can Prolonged exposure to stress can have detrimental effects on children have detrimental effects on children and adults alikeand adults alike

The History of StressThe History of Stress1.1. Stress has been of interest to Stress has been of interest to

philosophers since the early Greeksphilosophers since the early Greeks

2.2. Walter CannonWalter Cannon fight or flight responsefight or flight response

3.3. Hans SelyeHans Selye General Adaptation SyndromeGeneral Adaptation Syndrome

1) alarm reaction, 2) resistance, 3) 1) alarm reaction, 2) resistance, 3) exhaustionexhaustion

Stressful Life EventsStressful Life Events1.1. CatastrophesCatastrophes

2.2. Significant lifeSignificant life

3.3. Daily HasslesDaily Hassles

Perceived ControlPerceived Control1.1. Feeling out of control compounds our Feeling out of control compounds our

experience of stress and has serious experience of stress and has serious effects on our healtheffects on our health

2.2. Assisted livingAssisted living

3.3. PovertyPoverty

Effects of Stress on Effects of Stress on the Bodythe Body

1.1. Stress causes a host of Stress causes a host of physiological changes in the bodyphysiological changes in the body

Cortisol is one of the hormones Cortisol is one of the hormones released during stressreleased during stress

2.2. Prolonged or frequent exposure to Prolonged or frequent exposure to cortisol has several harmful effects cortisol has several harmful effects on the body, especially the hearton the body, especially the heart

Effects of Stress on Effects of Stress on the Heartthe Heart

1.1. Rates of coronary heart disease and high Rates of coronary heart disease and high blood pressure and MUCH higherblood pressure and MUCH higher

2.2. Friedman and Rosenman did Friedman and Rosenman did groundbreaking research in this field and groundbreaking research in this field and developed a theory of personalitydeveloped a theory of personality

Type A vs. Type B personalitiesType A vs. Type B personalities

3.3. Other negative emotions like anger and Other negative emotions like anger and depression can be just as harmful to our depression can be just as harmful to our healthhealth

Stress and the Immune Stress and the Immune SystemSystem

1.1. PsychoneuroimmunologyPsychoneuroimmunology

2.2. Stress can have two effects on the Stress can have two effects on the immune systemimmune system

Diseases and StressDiseases and Stress1.1. Stress can speed up the progression Stress can speed up the progression

of the HIV virus to full-blown AIDS of the HIV virus to full-blown AIDS illnessillness

2.2. Cancers are fueled by stressCancers are fueled by stress

Exercise, Good Nutrition, & Exercise, Good Nutrition, & Sleep!Sleep!

1.1. Aerobic exercise has documented Aerobic exercise has documented effects on heart healtheffects on heart health• Exercise is also good do-it-Exercise is also good do-it-

yourself therapyyourself therapy

2.2. Proper nutrition also helps keep Proper nutrition also helps keep your body and immune system fityour body and immune system fit

3.3. You really can’t be stressed out You really can’t be stressed out while sleepingwhile sleeping

Biofeedback and Biofeedback and RelaxationRelaxation

1.1. Another approach is to add a stress Another approach is to add a stress reduction technique to your exercise reduction technique to your exercise routine.routine.

2.2. Biofeedback is a tool for controlling Biofeedback is a tool for controlling processes we don’t normally control processes we don’t normally control

3.3. Belly breathing (seriously!)Belly breathing (seriously!)

Social SupportSocial Support1.1. Social support is an extremely Social support is an extremely

effective stress reduction techniqueeffective stress reduction technique

2.2. The factors that seems most The factors that seems most important in social support are:important in social support are:

A strong sense of belongingA strong sense of belonging The ability to confideThe ability to confide

Spirituality & FaithSpirituality & Faith

1.1. There is evidence that belonging to There is evidence that belonging to a faith-based group or having a faith-based group or having strong personal faith relates to strong personal faith relates to good healthgood health

2.2. Is this divine intervention?Is this divine intervention?

Exam #2 NEXT Class! Exam #2 NEXT Class!