Chapter 1 The Study of Life

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Chapter 1 The Study of Life

Section 1: Introduction to Biology

Section 2: The Nature of Science

Section 3: Methods of Science

Biology—the science of life

Study origins and history of life and once-living things

Study structures of living things

Chapter 1 The Study of Life

Study how living things interact w/ one another

Study how living things function

1.1 Introduction to Biology

The Eight Characteristics of Life - know these!

1. Made of one or more cells

2. Shows growth

3. Develops

4. Reproduces

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5. Responds to stimuli

6. Requires energy

7. Maintains homeostasis

8. Adaptations evolve over time

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Living things made of one or more cells.

Cells are basic unit of structure and function in all living things.


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cells are organized into groups that work together called tissues.

Displays Organization

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Living things also display organization, which means are arranged in orderly way.

Tissues are organized into organs.

Organ systems work together to support an organism.


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Grows and Develops

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Growth results in adding mass to an organism and forming of new cells and new structures.


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Reproduces

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species - group of organisms can breed with one another and produce fertile offspring.


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Responds to Stimuli

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Anything part of internal or external environments

causes reaction by

organism is a stimulus.

Reaction to a stimulus is a response.

Venus flytrap


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Requires Energy

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Living things get energy from food.

Plants use light energy from Sun to make food for activities.

Organisms that cannot make own food get energy by consuming other organisms.


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Maintains Homeostasis

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Regulation of an organism’s internal conditions to maintain life is homeostasis.


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Adaptations Evolve Over Time


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Adaptation - any inherited characteristic that results from changes to species over time.

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Ex. Haeckel's Theory

The theory that stages in an embryonic development correspond to the stages of evolutionary development of the species.

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The Study of LifeChapter 1

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What is science?

Science - body of knowledge based on study of nature.

Essential characteristics, of science is scientific inquiry, or questions

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Scientific inquiry is creative process and uses and unbiased observations and experiments.

1.2 The Nature of Science

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Uses Scientific Theory

theory is explanation of natural phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments over time.

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The results are always the same.


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Expands Scientific Knowledge

Research results are constantly reevaluated to be sure that what we know is TRUE.

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leads to new knowledge that scientists then study again and again.


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Challenges Accepted Theories

Scientists welcome debate about one another’s ideas.

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Sciences advance by accepting new information as it is discovered.


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Questions Results Observations or data are not consistent with

current scientific understanding are of interest to scientists.

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inconsistencies often lead to more experiments


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Tests Claims

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Conclusions are reached from the evidence.


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Undergoes Peer Review

Before it is made public, science information is reviewed by scientists’ peers.

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Peer review - procedures and results in experiment are evaluated by other scientists who are in same field, or are conducting similar research.


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Uses Metric System

Scientists can repeat the work of others as part of a new experiment.

The metric system uses units with divisions that are powers of ten.


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Science in Everyday Life


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Ethical issues must be addressed by society based on values it holds important.

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Ask a Question

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Scientific inquiry begins with observation.

asking questions from a variety of reliable sources.

1.3 Methods of Science – click for BrainPop movie

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Form a Hypothesis

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hypothesis - testable explanation of a situation.

When hypothesis is supported by data from additional investigations, usually considered valid

is accepted by scientific community.

1.3 Methods of Science

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Collect the Data

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When biologist conducts experiment, s/he investigates a question in a controlled setting to test a hypothesis.


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Controlled Experiments

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control group - group used for comparison.

experimental group -group exposed to factor being tested.


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Experimental Design

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Independent variable—only 1 factor in controlled experiment can change at a time.

Dependent variable—results from or depends on changes to independent variable.


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Dependent and Independent Variables

Data Gathering

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Data—information gained from observations.

Quantitative data can be measurements of time, temperature, length, mass, area, volume, density, or other factors.

Qualitative data are descriptions of what our senses detect.


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Analyze the Data

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A graph of data makes a pattern easier to “see”.

Even when hypothesis has not been supported, it is valuable.


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Report Conclusions


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If peer reviewers agree, then paper is published for review by the public and use by other scientists.

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Chapter Resource Menu

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Chapter Diagnostic Questions

Formative Test Questions

Chapter Assessment Questions

Standardized Test Practice

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Vocabulary

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Why is the metric system preferred by scientists?

Answer: Using the same system ofmeasurements allows a scientist to repeat another’s work knowing that he or she is performing the experiments exactly the same.

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1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

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A. observation

B. hypothesis

C. experiment

D. constant



What is a testable explanation?

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1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D



A. made of one or more cells

B. grows and developsC. capable of

rational thoughtD. maintains

homeostasis

Which is not a characteristic of all organisms?

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

FQ 1

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A. exploration

B. dynamics

C. physics

D. technology

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1.1 Formative Questions

What area of science takes scientific knowledge and applies it to meet human needs?

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

FQ 2

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A. adaptation

B. development

C. growth

D. maturation

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What is the process of change that takes place during the life of an organism?

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1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

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A. acquiring energy

B. adapting to the

environment

C. displaying organization

D. responding to stimuli

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Some species of plants begin opening their flowers in the morning when they are exposed to sunlight. What characteristic of living things does this represent?

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

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A. adaptation

B. equilibrium

C. homeostasis

D. metabolism

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What process regulates an organism’s internal conditions and keeps them stable?

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

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A. a body of knowledge about a natural phenomenon

B. a creative tool for designing investigations

C. a scientific inquiry that seeks to provide an explanation

D. an explanation supported by observations and experiments



What is a theory?

1. A

2. B

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Scientists discard observations and data that are not consistent with current scientific understanding.

A. true

B. false

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

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A. forensics

B. peer review

C. scientific methods

D. the metric system

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A scientist wants to report the findings from her investigations. Before her information can be published, what must it go through?

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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A. They involve ethics.

B. They involve forensics.

C. They must be addressed

by scientists.

D. They require the

metric system.

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What do issues such as AIDS, global warming, genetic engineering, and cloning have in common?

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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A. a conjecture

B. an inference

C. a speculation

D. a theory

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When you form a logical conclusion based on your observations and what you already

know, what are you making?

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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A. a defined question

B. a curious assumption

C. a tested inference

D. a testable explanation

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What is a hypothesis?

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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A. accidental

B. anticipated

C. ingenious

D. whimsical

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What type of discovery is a serendipitous discovery?

1. A

2. B

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In order for scientific experiments to be valid, they must be based on scientific methods that use controlled experiments.

A. true

B. false

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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A. forensics

B. natural law

C. theory

D. physics

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Identify the term used to describe an explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by observation and experimentation.

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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A. control group

B. experimental group

C. dependent variable

D. independent variable

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In a controlled experiment, which factor can change?

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Look at the figure below. Why is scientific data often displayed in graphs?

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CAQ 3

Answer: Graphs help show patterns in the data and make it easier to understand.



CAQ 4

1. A2. B3. C4. D

STP 1

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A. ecology

B. genetics

C. animal behavior

D. biotechnology

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Which biological science was Jane Goodall studying when she observed chimpanzees?

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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A. genetically engineering plants

B. finding ways to protect species

C. preventing the spread of disease

D. developing new medicines and vaccines

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In which activity would an environmental biologist most likely be involved?

1. A2. B3. C4. D

STP 3

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A. It brings up more questions.

B. It causes disagreement and debate.

C. It does not welcome scientific investigation.

D. It does not receive acceptance by scientists.

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Which is an indication that an idea is based on pseudoscience?

1. A2. B3. C4. D

STP 4

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A. food containing Razatrin

B. food without Razatrin

C. food containing another drug

D. food containing a variety of drugs

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Scientists use laboratory rats to test the effects

of a new drug, Razatrin. What do rats in the control group receive?

1. A2. B

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B. number of days

A. mass

Which is the dependent variable in this experiment?

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Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Chapter 1

The Study of Life

Image Bank

Chapter 1

Vocabulary

The Study of Life

biology

organism

organization

growth

development

reproduction

species

Section 1

stimulus

response

homeostasis

adaptation

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The Study of Life

science

theory

peer review

metric system

SI

forensics

ethics

Vocabulary

Section 2

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observation

inference

scientific method

hypothesis

serendipity

experiment

control group

experimental group

independent variable

dependent variable

constant

data

safety symbol

Vocabulary

Section 3

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Visualizing Scientific Methods

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Chapter 1 The Study of Life